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首页> 外文会议>International topical meeting on nuclear plant instrumentation, control, and human-machine interface technologies >The Optimized Design and Use of Automated Control Systems - State of the Literature and Proposed Research
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The Optimized Design and Use of Automated Control Systems - State of the Literature and Proposed Research

机译：自动控制系统的优化设计和使用-文献报道和研究现状

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Today we are faced with what some call the "automation paradox" and others call "the ironies of automation". Lisanne Bainbridge (1983)1 cautioned that the more automated a system becomes, the more important it is to appropriately integrate human contributions into the system. There is no question that automated control systems provide immeasurable benefit (improved efficiency, reliability, accuracy, safety, etc.); however, this comes at a cost; loss of skill, knowledge, decision-making capability and reaction-time in our human operators. Without daily engagement in the cognitive performance-based activities required by a control system, humans become less useful to the system. There seem to be two prevailing schools of thought on the best approach to human-system interface design. One advocates automating the system as much as possible to keep the human operator out of harm's way and to remove the error-prone human from critical operations. The other camp claims that the human operator suffers significant losses in physical capability, memory and attention capacity and their learned responses diminish in quality if they have not been actively and cognitively engaged in the operation. Then when called upon to take over control in an automated system, they are less capable of effectively operating the system manually. It is not well enough established which is correct or if there is a generalizable correct path. Currently, as automated control systems are designed, it is often the case that operators are left in the operational fringes. So, researchers at the University of Pittsburgh have been exploring design methodologies that will allow system designers to understand and to then implement the best of the control system and human performance attributes, with the intent of concurrently minimizing the likelihood of human error-induced incidents. Through a series of trials using licensed reactor operators in a reconfigurable control room simulator, researchers are planning to identify and measure key performance variables while varying task configuration, level of automation, and override authority. If impact on system output is shown to be predictable, the generated model can help designers simulate various design strategies and their resulting impact on system performance, thus providing more-informed training protocols and content, more-informed simulator practice decisions and improved operational and operating procedure consistency.
机译：今天，我们面临着一些所谓的“自动化悖论”，而另一些则称为“自动化的讽刺”。 Lisanne Bainbridge（1983）1告诫说，系统变得越自动化，将人的贡献适当地整合到系统中就越重要。毫无疑问，自动化控制系统可带来不可估量的收益（提高的效率，可靠性，准确性，安全性等）;但是，这是有代价的。我们操作员的技能，知识，决策能力和反应时间的损失。如果没有每天参与控制系统所需的基于认知表现的活动，人类对系统的使用就会变得越来越少。关于人机界面设计的最佳方法，似乎有两种流行的思想流派。有人主张尽可能使系统自动化，以使操作员免受伤害，并从关键操作中去除容易出错的人。另一阵营声称，如果操作员没有积极地和认知地从事手术，他们的身体能力，记忆力和注意力能力将遭受重大损失，并且他们学到的反应质量会下降。然后，当要求他们接管自动化系统中的控制权时，他们将无法有效地手动操作系统。建立的是正确的还是存在可概括的正确路径，这还不够好。当前，由于设计了自动控制系统，通常情况是将操作员留在操作边缘。因此，匹兹堡大学的研究人员一直在探索设计方法，这些方法将使系统设计人员能够理解并实施最佳的控制系统和人的性能属性，同时最大程度地减少人为错误引发事故的可能性。通过在可重配置的控制室模拟器中使用获得许可的反应堆操作员进行的一系列试验，研究人员计划识别和测量关键性能变量，同时改变任务配置，自动化程度和优先权。如果显示对系统输出的影响是可预测的，则生成的模型可以帮助设计人员模拟各种设计策略及其对系统性能的影响，从而提供更全面的培训协议和内容，更全面的模拟器实践决策以及改进的运营和运营方式。程序的一致性。

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