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Voltage-time characteristics of air gaps and insulation coordination — Survey of 100 years research

机译：气隙的电压 - 时间特性及绝缘协调 - 100年研究调查

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With the first application of HV-power lines at the early 20th century the protection of electric components against lightning strokes became a crucial problem. Albeit the overhead insulators were designed to withstand high ac-voltages above the operating level, they failed under stress of high impulse voltages with unknown shape. The need to generate short-time HV-impulses was solved in the 1920th by the invention of the “Marx-Generator”. At least it was observed that the flashover voltage of an insulator is higher for shorter than for longer pulses. During the following decades HV-power networks expanded worldwide rapidly and with it grew the need of HV-impulse tests in laboratories. Progress in short time measurement techniques allowed to reproduce impulses of defined shape and amplitude. In order to establish compatibility of discharge tests in the Megavolt-range, standard pulse shapes were internationally agreed upon. Of special interest for an effective coordination of various insulation structures became data of spark-over values of air gaps with very short time lags. However, a great number of measurements did not lead to satisfying results for non-standard test-voltages. Attempts to derive formulae for good results were neither easy to use nor reliable. Finally, an approach starting from the first principle of discharge in an air gap assuming the speed of leader growth being proportional to the instant voltage above the withstand value led to a simple and generally applicable criterion. Further development of physical models for the leader propagation process leads to self-reliant calculation methods, which are simply coupled to average field calculations.
机译：随着20世纪初的HV电力线第一次应用，防止雷击的电气部件的保护成为一个至关重要的问题。尽管架空绝缘体旨在承受高于操作水平的高交流电压，但在高脉冲电压下具有未知形状的压力下降。在“马克思发生器”的发明的第1920章中解决了产生短时间HV-脉冲的需要。至少观察到，绝缘体的闪络电压比较长的脉冲更短。在以下几十年中，HV-Power Networks在全球范围内迅速扩展，并且它需要在实验室中的HV-Impulse测试的需求。在短时间测量技术中的进展允许再现定义形状和幅度的脉冲。为了建立巨大的放电测试的兼容性，在国际上达成标准脉冲形状。对各种绝缘结构的有效协调的特殊兴趣成为气息带有非常短的时间滞后的气息的数据。然而，大量测量不会导致非标准测试电压的满足结果。尝试为良好结果推导公式既不易于使用也不可靠。最后，假设引导速度的速度与高于耐受值的瞬时电压成比例，从气隙中的第一放电原理开始的方法，该速度与高于耐受值的瞬时电压导致简单且通常适用的标准。进一步开发领导传播过程的物理模型导致自依赖性计算方法，其简单地耦合到平均场计算。

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