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Voltage-time Characteristics of Air Gaps and Insulation Coordination - Survey of 100 Years Research -

机译：气隙的电压时间特性及绝缘协调 - 100年研究调查 -

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With the first application of HV-power lines at the early 20th century the protection of electric components against lightning strokes became a crucial problem. Albeit the overhead insulators were designed to withstand high ac-voltages above the operating level, they failed under stress of high impulse voltages with unknown shape. The need to generate short-time HV-impulses was solved in the 1920th by the invention of the ?Marx-Generator". At least it was observed that the flashover voltage of an insulator is higher for shorter than for longer pulses. During the following decades HV-power networks expanded worldwide rapidly and with it grew the need of HV-impulse tests in laboratories. Progress in short time measurement techniques allowed to reproduce impulses of defined shape and amplitude. In order to establish compatibility of discharge tests in the Megavolt-range, standard pulse shapes were internationally agreed upon. Of special interest for an effective coordination of various insulation structures became data of spark-over values of air gaps with very short time lags. However, a great number of measurements did not lead to satisfying results for non-standard test-voltages. Attempts to derive formulae for good results were neither easy to use nor reliable. Finally, an approach starting from the first principle of discharge in an air gap assuming the speed of leader growth being proportional to the instant voltage above the withstand value led to a simple and generally applicable criterion. Further development of physical models for the leader propagation process leads to self-reliant calculation methods, which are simply coupled to average field calculations.
机译：随着20世纪初的HV电力线第一次应用，防止雷击的电气部件的保护成为一个至关重要的问题。尽管架空绝缘体旨在承受高于操作水平的高交流电压，但在高脉冲电压下具有未知形状的压力下降。以生成短时间HV-冲动需要在由？马克思发生器”的发明的第一千九百二得到解决，至少可以观察到一个绝缘体的闪络电压较高比为更长的脉冲更短。在随后的几十年HV-电力网络全世界迅速扩大，并用它的增长的HV-冲击试验在实验室中允许再现限定的形状和振幅的脉冲短的时间测量技术的需要。进展。为了建立在Megavolt-的放电试验兼容性范围，标准脉冲形状在被国际公认。特别感兴趣的各种绝缘结构的有效协调成为击穿用很短的时间滞后的空气间隙的值。数据。然而，测量大量未导致满意结果非标测试电压。尝试的好成绩推导公式既不好用，也不可靠。最后，这种做法从第一PRINC开始在空气间隙假定前导增长的速度成比例导致一个简单的和普遍适用准则的耐受值以上的瞬间电压放电的IPLE。进一步开发领导传播过程的物理模型导致自依赖性计算方法，其简单地耦合到平均场计算。

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