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Experimental Evaluation of Lithium-ion Batteries at Different Cryogenic Freezing Rates

机译：低温冷冻速率下锂离子电池的实验评估

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The reverse logistic challenge of transporting damaged and waste automotive lithium ion battery (LIB) packs is an escalating concern as world-wide sales of electric vehicles (EVs) continues to rise. Damaged or defective packs must currently be transported in explosion-proof steel containers to meet international regulations, which makes transportation expensive. Freezing has been identified as a potential means to avoid these significant costs since cryogenically frozen cells are safe and therefore subject to less stringent transportation legislation. Existing literature demonstrates that flash freezing has little effect on LIB electrical performance (energy capacity and impedance), during the whole automotive life of the cells (up to 20% capacity fade). However, it is impractical to flash freeze LIB packs due to their large thermal mass. Promisingly, this study suggests slower freezing rates (0.5 to 50°C/min) have no detrimental electrical performance effects, indicating whole LIB packs could be frozen without affecting performance. In an effort to minimise the energy requirements of freezing an entire LIB pack, this research also establishes that -35°C is the minimum temperature to prevent thermal runaway of Panasonic 18650 cylindrical cells during an external short circuit. This finding will help to guide the necessary in-transport temperature monitoring systems. Overall this work makes significant steps forward in optimising cryogenic strategies to facilitate reuse and remanufacture of LIB cells from a damaged pack. Development of this approach could prolong LIB useful life leading to reduced raw material consumption and improving environmental sustainability of EV adoption.
机译：随着全球电动汽车（EV）销量的持续增长，运输损坏和报废的汽车锂离子电池（LIB）电池组的逆向物流挑战日益引起人们的关注。当前，损坏或有缺陷的包装必须在防爆钢制容器中运输，以符合国际法规，这使运输变得昂贵。冷冻已被确认为避免这些巨大成本的潜在手段，因为低温冷冻的细胞是安全的，因此不受较严格的运输法规的约束。现有文献表明，在电池的整个汽车寿命中（高达20％的容量衰减），闪速冻结对LIB的电气性能（能量容量和阻抗）几乎没有影响。但是，由于冷冻LIB包的热质量大，因此不可行。很有希望的是，这项研究表明较慢的冷冻速度（0.5至50°C / min）没有不利的电性能影响，这表明整个LIB包装都可以冷冻而不影响性能。为了最大程度地降低冷冻整个LIB电池的能量需求，本研究还确定-35°C是防止Panasonic 18650圆柱形电池在外部短路期间热失控的最低温度。这一发现将有助于指导必要的运输中温度监测系统。总的来说，这项工作在优化低温策略以促进从受损包装中重新使用和再制造LIB细胞方面迈出了重要的一步。开发这种方法可以延长LIB的使用寿命，从而减少原材料消耗并提高电动汽车采用的环境可持续性。

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