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EAP from 1999 to 2020: highlights from chairing the EAPAD conference for 22 years

机译：从1999年到2020年的EAP：主持22年的EAPAD会议的要点

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The acronym, EAP (Electroactive polymers), and the synonymous term, artificial muscles, are now well recognized among scientists and engineers worldwide. Prior to 1999, development of such materials has been done at few research institutes in the US, Japan, Italy and Australia and had with minimal visibility and limited cooperation. The EAPAD Conference has been the first major international forum of communicating the development in the field of EAP. At the opening of the first Conf. that was held in 1999, the author posed an arm-wrestling challenge in an effort to promote worldwide advances towards the realization of the potentials of these materials. In posing the challenge, he sought to see EAP activated robotic arms win against human in wrestling match and thus provide a gauge to the technology state. In the contests that were held in 2005 and 2006, the arms lost against the high school female student who wrestled with them - their measured speed and force were about two orders of magnitude lower that the student. Even though no other contest was held since then, the progress in the field indicates that winning the challenge is becoming increasingly more likely. The improvements have led to many applications and many of them were presented at the annual EAPAD conferences and demonstrated at their EAP-in-Action Session. The applications included soft robots, steering mechanisms, brail displays, miniature grippers, loudspeakers, active diaphragm and pumps, toys as well as many others. This manuscript provides a brief review of the advances that were reported since the first EAPAD Conference, including the state of the art, challenges and the expectations for the field.
机译：首字母缩写词EAP（电活性聚合物）和同义词人造肌肉，现已在全世界的科学家和工程师中得到广泛认可。在1999年之前，此类材料的开发在美国，日本，意大利和澳大利亚的少数研究机构中进行，并且几乎没有可见度，并且合作有限。 EAPAD会议是交流EAP领域发展动态的第一个主要国际论坛。在第一届Conf开幕式上。作者在1999年举行的这个大会上提出了一项艰巨的任务，以推动全世界在实现这些材料的潜力方面取得进展。在提出挑战时，他试图看到EAP激活的机械臂在摔跤比赛中与人类抗衡，从而为技术状态提供了一个衡量标准。在2005年和2006年举行的比赛中，与高中女学生搏斗的手臂失去了武器-他们测得的速度和力量比学生低大约两个数量级。即使此后没有举行其他比赛，该领域的进步也表明赢得挑战的可能性越来越大。这些改进导致了许多应用程序，其中许多应用程序在EAPAD年度会议上进行了介绍，并在EAP-in-Action会议上进行了演示。这些应用包括软机器人，转向机构，烧烤显示器，微型抓手，扬声器，有源振动膜和泵，玩具以及许多其他产品。该手稿简要回顾了自第一次EAPAD会议以来所报告的进展，包括最新技术，挑战和对该领域的期望。

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