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首页> 外文会议>IEEE Aerospace Conference >Human dependability and knowledge management in spacecraft operations ¿¿¿ Successes and lessons learned from 12 years in-flight experience on Mars Express and Rosetta
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Human dependability and knowledge management in spacecraft operations ¿¿¿ Successes and lessons learned from 12 years in-flight experience on Mars Express and Rosetta

机译：航天器操作中的人类可靠性和知识管理-从12年的Mars Express和Rosetta飞行经验中获得的经验教训

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For long-duration missions such as Mars Express and Rosetta, operating at considerable distances from Earth and with complex and highly variable mission profiles, issues of automation, the retention of knowledge and experience, and the potential human risk factor are especially relevant. Maximising the benefits of a ¿¿¿human in-the-loop¿¿¿ are increasingly seen as fundamental to on-going mission success. This paper presents a summary of these benefits, the experiences gained and the lessons learned. In section 4 of the paper specific case studies are presented, illustrating for both missions the significance of human involvement. This facilitated for Mars Express: (i) more efficient use of limited resources on the spacecraft; (ii) safer and more robust routine operations (as a reaction to critical on-board anomalies); (iii) the resolution of potentially significant scientific losses to the mission; and (iv) the realisation of a science return after mitigating risk during the encounter with Comet Siding Spring. Complementary case studies are also presented for Rosetta. In section 5, the principal lessons learned from the two missions are reviewed. These lessons encompass the experiences and knowledge gathered during extensive simulations and training campaigns, as well as years of in-flight experience. It is shown how a continually evolving mission profile (due, for example, to changes in science requirements, anomalies on the spacecraft or complex and changing mission phases), and on-going staff turnover, have led to significant challenges in knowledge retention and dissemination. Experience gained in the implementation of control-room automation is specifically highlighted ¿¿¿ a concept introduced partly as a proof of concept, but also as a complement to (and extension of) automation implemented within the Mission Planning System. The relevance of the above experiences to the future evolution of the Mars Express mission is presented in section 6. This mission will have - o manage a number of future challenges: (i) safely automating end-to-end spacecraft operations from planning and scheduling to spacecraft commanding; (ii) increasingly automating the verification process wherever possible and utilising the human resources where they are most valuable to the process; (iii) conducting safe operations within increasingly constraining power/thermal conditions; (iv) ensuring that knowledge and expertise can be retained in future years, after the Rosetta mission has ended. To summarise, the longevity and success of such complex missions could not have been achieved without the resourcefulness and adaptability offered by the human operator in the loop. The primary challenge for the remaining years of the Mars Express mission is therefore how to build on this knowledge and expertise for the benefit of the mission, whilst also encouraging and fostering a more institutionalised approach to knowledge capture and dissemination for the missions to come.
机译：对于诸如火星快车和罗塞塔之类的长期任务而言，它们与地球的距离相当远且任务概况复杂且变化很大，自动化问题，知识和经验的保留以及潜在的人为危险因素尤其重要。最大限度地提高“人在环环相扣”的利益已被视为持续进行任务成功的基础。本文总结了这些好处，获得的经验和汲取的教训。在本文的第4节中，将介绍具体的案例研究，以说明这两个任务中人类参与的重要性。这为“火星快车”提供了便利：（i）更有效地利用航天器上有限的资源; （ii）更安全，更可靠的例行操作（作为对关键机载异常的反应）; （iii）解决特派团可能遭受的重大科学损失; （iv）在与Siding Spring彗星相遇期间降低风险后实现科学回报。还提供了Rosetta的补充案例研究。在第5节中，回顾了从两次访问中汲取的主要经验教训。这些课程包括在广泛的模拟和培训活动中积累的经验和知识，以及多年的飞行经验。结果表明，任务概况的不断发展（例如，由于科学要求的变化，航天器的异常或复杂的任务阶段以及不断变化的任务阶段）以及持续的人员流动，已导致知识保存和传播方面的重大挑战。特别强调了在实现控制室自动化方面获得的经验，该概念的引入部分是作为概念的证明，也是对任务计划系统内实现的自动化的补充（和扩展）。第6部分介绍了上述经验与“火星快车”飞行任务的未来发展的相关性。该飞行任务将具有-o应对一系列未来挑战：（i）通过计划和调度安全地实现端到端航天器的操作自动化航天器指挥; （ii）尽可能使验证过程自动化，并在对过程最有价值的人力资源上加以利用; （iii）在日益受到限制的功率/热条件下进行安全操作; （iv）确保在罗塞塔任务结束后，在未来的几年中保留知识和专长。总而言之，没有操作员在回路中提供的机智和适应能力，就不可能实现这种复杂任务的长寿和成功。因此，火星快车任务剩下的几年的主要挑战是如何利用这些知识和专门知识造福于任务，同时还鼓励和促进采取更加制度化的方式来为即将到来的任务收集和传播知识。

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