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首页> 外文会议>IEEE International Conference on Cloud Engineering >In Search for the Value of Connectivity: Accountable Citizens Fostering Accountable Governance via Connectivity: The Case of Environmental Health Policies
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In Search for the Value of Connectivity: Accountable Citizens Fostering Accountable Governance via Connectivity: The Case of Environmental Health Policies

机译：寻找连通性的价值：通过连通性建立负责任的治理的责任公民：环境卫生政策案例

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This article rises from the consideration that the increasing connectivity of our urban communities is changing how citizens participate to their city's governance. This renovated participation brings about a new way of conceiving the citizenship, as an accountable citizenship, willing to participate to the governance of the city via new technological channels. The citizens are becoming able to track, monitor, and assess the compliance of policy-makers with their needs, reflected in their data. They demand an accountable governance, a policy-making that takes into account the inputs deriving from the grassroots, often manifested under the form of data sharing. At the same time, the citizens are controlled by the city's smart apparatus. This occurs through thousands of connected devices pervading our cities and our bodies. The data collected by these smart devices is increasingly crucial in orienting certain public policies. I take the case of environmental health policies. My first aim is to understand whether data derived from the city environmental monitoring could be analysed in combination with this crowd sourced medical data, in order to investigate the link between environmental factors and human conditions. The question here is what degree of coupling between these two sets of data is appropriate in order to better direct the city's environmental health governance. My second aim is to assess citizens' contribution in researching the impact of environmental factors on human health. I focus on real examples of citizens' engagement by analysing their involvement in reporting environmentally caused/exacerbated ailments and diseases via eHealth/mHealth systems (e.g. apps, and wearable devices). Nowadays, environmental factors are recognized to be a root cause of a significant burden of global diseases, especially in urban areas. These same urban areas are becoming more and more smart, which should mean a city that implements advanced technologies to positively impact on local community. Moreover, this benefit should be achieved through participatory actions of the smart city's dwellers. However, this is scarcely the case. The urgency of studying health data and environmental parameters in combination, and to engage the civil society in this process is evident. Starting from the aforesaid considerations, I investigate the opportunity of combining individuals' eHealth/mHealth systems with the smart environmental monitoring systems installed in the city. I wonder whether this combination of systems and datasets could be performed through the active participation of the citizens/users of the ubiquitous devices pervading our cities. Subsequently, I assess whether this participatory data collection can push the governments to take into consideration citizens' input when formulating policies, favouring a preventive approach in environmental health governance. Furthermore, I investigate how to guarantee that the incorporation of IoT in the city does not result in an excessive control of the state on individuals, masked under the common good. Ultimately, I draw some recommendations aimed to build a regulatory framework enabling an effective participatory governance of public health challenges via health data sharing, safeguarding individuals' autonomy and privacy. The outcomes of my study can be summarized as follows: the interconnection between health and environmental data through citizens' engagement can foster an effective bottom-up governance of environmental health issues. However, many challenges have to be overcome, namely technical (shortage of interoperable devices and shared databases), legal (the potential threats to citizens' privacy), social (the citizens' delegation attitude, the barriers faced by non-users), and governmental (the reluctance of the state to engage citizens in policies, the difficulty to "control the controllers", the risk of capture by commercial suppliers).
机译：本文基于这样的考虑，即我们城市社区之间日益紧密的联系正在改变公民参与其城市治理的方式。这种经过重新装修的参与方式带来了一种新的方式，即以一种负责任的公民身份来构想公民身份，并愿意通过新的技术渠道参与城市治理。公民变得能够跟踪，监视和评估决策者是否符合其需求，并反映在他们的数据中。他们要求实行负责任的治理，即决策时要考虑到基层的投入，这些投入通常以数据共享的形式体现出来。同时，市民受到城市智能设备的控制。这是通过遍布我们的城市和人体的成千上万个连接设备而发生的。这些智能设备收集的数据在确定某些公共政策时变得越来越重要。我以环境卫生政策为例。我的第一个目标是了解是否可以结合从人群中获取的医疗数据来分析从城市环境监测中获得的数据，以便调查环境因素与人类状况之间的联系。这里的问题是，为了更好地指导城市的环境卫生治理，这两套数据之间的耦合程度是合适的。我的第二个目标是评估公民在研究环境因素对人类健康的影响方面的贡献。我通过分析公民参与通过eHealth / mHealth系统（例如应用程序和可穿戴设备）报告由环境引起的/加剧的疾病和疾病的过程，来关注公民参与的真实例子。如今，环境因素已被认为是造成全球疾病负担严重的根源，尤其是在城市地区。这些相同的城市地区变得越来越聪明，这意味着该城市将采用先进的技术来对当地社区产生积极影响。此外，应该通过智慧城市居民的参与性行动来实现这一利益。但是，几乎不是这种情况。迫切需要综合研究健康数据和环境参数，并使民间社会参与这一过程。从上述考虑出发，我研究了将个人的eHealth / mHealth系统与安装在城市中的智能环境监控系统相结合的机会。我想知道是否可以通过遍布我们城市的无处不在的设备的公民/用户的积极参与来实现系统和数据集的这种结合。随后，我评估了这种参与性数据收集是否可以促使政府在制定政策时考虑公民的意见，从而在环境卫生治理中采用预防性方法。此外，我研究了如何确保在城市中并入物联网不会导致对公共利益过度掩盖的国家对个人的过度控制。最终，我提出一些建议，旨在建立一个监管框架，通过共享健康数据，维护个人的自主权和隐私权，对公共卫生挑战进行有效的参与式治理。我的研究结果可以总结如下：通过公民参与，健康与环境数据之间的相互联系可以促进对环境健康问题进行有效的自下而上的治理。但是，必须克服许多挑战，包括技术性（可互操作设备和共享数据库的短缺），法律性（对公民隐私的潜在威胁），社会性（公民代表团的态度，非用户所面临的障碍）以及政府（国家不愿让公民参与政策，难以“控制控制者”，被商业供应商俘获的风险）。

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