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Next-generation NASA Earth-orbiting relay satellites: Fusing optical and microwave communications

机译：下一代NASA地球轨道中继卫星：融合光学和微波通信

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NASA is currently considering architectures and concepts for the generation of relay satellites that will replace the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) constellation, which has been flying since 1983. TDRS-M, the last of the second TDRS generation, launched in August 2017, extending the life of the TDRS constellation beyond 2030. However, opportunities exist to re-engineer the concepts of geosynchronous Earth relay satellites. The needs of the relay satellite customers have changed dramatically over the last 34 years since the first TDRS launch. There is a demand for greater bandwidth as the availability of the traditional RF spectrum for space communications diminishes and the demand for ground station access grows. The next generation of NASA relay satellites will provide for operations that have factored in these new constraints. In this paper, we describe a heterogeneous constellation of geosynchronous relay satellites employing optical and RF communications. The new constellation will enable new optical communications services formed by user-to-space relay, space relay-to-space relay and space relay-to-ground links. It will build upon the experience from the Lunar Laser Communications Demonstration from 2013 and the Laser Communications Relay Demonstration to be launched in 2019. Simultaneous to establishment of the optical communications space segment, spacecraft in the TDRS constellation will be replaced with RF relay satellites with targeted subsets of the TDRS capabilities. This disaggregation of the TDRS service model will allow for flexibility in replenishing the needs of legacy users as well as adding new capabilities for future users. It will also permit the U.S. government access to launch capabilities such as rideshare and to hosted payloads that were not previously available. This paper also explores how the next generation of Earth relay satellites provides a significant boost in the opportunities for commercial providers to the communications space segment. For optical communications, the backbone of this effort is the adoption of commercial technologies from the terrestrial high-bandwidth telecommunications industry into optical payloads. For RF communications, the explosion of software-defined radio, high-speed digital signal processing technologies and networking from areas such as 5G multicarrier will be important. Future commercial providers will not be limited to a small set of large aerospace companies. Ultimately, entirely government-owned and -operated satellite communications will phase out to make way for commercial business models that satisfy NASA's satellite communications requirements. The competition provided by new entrants in the space communications industry may result in a future in which all NASA communications needs can be satisfied commercially.
机译：美国宇航局目前正在考虑用于中继卫星生成的体系结构和概念，以取代自1983年以来一直在飞行的跟踪和数据中继卫星（TDRS）星座。TDRS-M，第二代TDRS的最后一代，于2017年8月发射，将TDRS星座的寿命延长到2030年以后。但是，存在重新设计地球同步地球中继卫星概念的机会。自从首款TDRS推出以来，过去34年中，中继卫星客户的需求发生了巨大变化。随着用于空间通信的传统RF频谱的可用性下降以及对地面站接入的需求增长，存在对更大带宽的需求。下一代NASA中继卫星将提供考虑了这些新限制的操作。在本文中，我们描述了采用光学和RF通信的地球同步中继卫星的异构星座。新的星座将启用由用户到空间中继，空间中继到空间中继以及空间中继到地面链路形成的新的光通信服务。它将借鉴2013年的“月球激光通信示范”和将于2019年发射的“激光通信中继示范”的经验。在建立光通信空间部分的同时，TDRS星座中的航天器将被有针对性的RF中继卫星取代。 TDRS功能的子集。 TDRS服务模型的这种分解将允许灵活地补充传统用户的需求，并为将来的用户添加新功能。它还将允许美国政府访问诸如乘车共享之类的发射功能以及以前无法获得的托管有效载荷。本文还探讨了下一代地球中继卫星如何为商业提供商在通信空间领域的机遇提供巨大的推动力。对于光通信，这项工作的主旨是将地面高带宽电信行业的商业技术应用于光有效载荷。对于RF通信，来自5G多载波等领域的软件无线电，高速数字信号处理技术和网络的爆炸式增长将非常重要。未来的商业提供商将不仅限于少数大型航空航天公司。最终，完全由政府所有和运营的卫星通信将逐步淘汰，为满足NASA卫星通信要求的商业商业模式让路。太空通信行业中新进入者所提供的竞争可能会导致未来，其中所有NASA通信需求都可以在商业上得到满足。

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