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SUPPORT FOR RENEWABLE ENERGIES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION - LESSONS LEARNT AND RECOMMENDATIONS ON THE WAY FORWARD

机译：欧洲联盟对可再生能源的支持-经验教训和前进的建议

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OverviewSupport for renewable energies has undergone significant changes throughout past years and new challenges are stilllying ahead. This paper aims for discussing lessons learnt in designing and implementing support schemes forrenewable energies (RE) as well as of recommendations on the way forward. A geographical focus will be laid onEurope, specifically the European Union and its Member States whereas a sectorial focus will be on the electricitysector.We will start with a theoretical excurse on why dedicated support for renewable energies may make sense or even bea necessity in the light of prevailing market failures. A more practical argument for using dedicated policyinstruments at sectorial instruments complementary to an “umbrella tool” like the EU Emission Trading Schemetoday and in the (near) future: high transfer payments from the consumer to the RE producer can be avoided, limitingsocietal distribution effects.Another core pillar of this paper will be a historic excurse, conducting a survey on how the choice of policyinstruments and their specific design has changed over time. In early years, the enhanced takeup of RE at possiblylow associated cost was in focus of the policy debate. With increasing shares of renewables a new paradigm cameinto play: enhancing market integration – leading to policy changes like e.g. the move from fixed feed-in tariffs tofeed-in premium schemes. Since then RE producers had to take the responsibility on selling/marketing theirproduced electricity whilst receiving support as additional revenue stream. Thanks to further changes in the EU-widelegal “rules of the game” – i.e. the adoption of the European Commission’s Guidelines on State aid forenvironmental protection and energy (No. 2014/C 200/01) – the choice of support instruments was narrowed down,requiring in general a competitive determination of support levels via auctions for the bulk of RE installations in EUcountries. Within this paper we will report on lessons learnt and on how support scheme and specifically auctiondesign may best be adapted to the specific needs.The third pillar of this paper will be a forward-looking exercise, assessing the needs for dedicated support forrenewable energies in the near to mid future. To which extent dedicated support for renewables can be phased out inthe upcoming decade mainly depend on the costs of renewable energy technologies, on future power and carbonprices and on risks associated with investments in power assets. Further cost reductions for renewable energytechnologies can be expected in the upcoming decade, also due to the increasingly global deployment of renewables.This will lower the costs of supporting the deployment of renewables. Future power and carbon prices are, however,subject to higher uncertainty. The EU carbon market is currently confronted with an oversupply of CO_2 emissionallowances, while many EU power markets are struggling with overcapacity. Resolving these issues is also a matterof political intervention and therefore subject to high uncertainty. Previously conducted and ongoing model-basedassessments of future renewables deployment at national and EU level considering given 2030 RE targets will clarifyon that matter.The paper will conclude with a summary of lessons learnt and recommendations on the way forward.MethodsThe work presented in this paper will build on detailed quantitative and qualitative assessments conducted in the IEEproject Towards2030-dialogue (cf. [1]) as well as ongoing works undertaken or planned within the H2020 projectSET-Nav (cf. www.set-nav.eu).1Concerning the quantitative analysis we made and will make use of TU Wien’s specialised energy system model(Green-X (cf. www.green-x.at) for identifying and assessing possible RES developments up to 2030, indicating RESdeployment at sector, at technology and at country level that can be expected under distinct policy designs.Complementary to results on RES technology deployment, related impacts on costs (generation cost), expenditures(capital and support expenditures) and benefits (fossil fuel and related CO_2 emission avoidance) are a core elementof the RES policy analysis. For specific purposes, e.g. for assessing the interplay between RES and future electricitymarket design that involves an analysis of the merit order effect and related market values of the produced electricityfor variable and dispatchable renewables, Green-X is complemented by its power-system companion – i.e. theHiREPS model – to shed further light on the interplay between supply, demand and storage in the electricity sectorthanks to a higher intertemporal resolution than in the RES policy and investment model Green-X.Results and conlusionsIt is too early to report on lessons learnt since our historic survey and porspective analyses are ongoing. These willbe completed in due time.
机译：概述 在过去的几年中，对可再生能源的支持发生了重大变化，新挑战仍然存在 躺在前面。本文旨在讨论在设计和实施支持计划中获得的经验教训。 可再生能源（RE）以及前进方向的建议。将重点放在地理上 欧洲，特别是欧洲联盟及其成员国，而部门重点将放在电力上 部门。 我们将从理论上的探讨开始，探讨为什么对可再生能源的专门支持可能有意义甚至是合理的。 鉴于当前市场失灵的必要性。使用专用策略的更实用论点 部门工具中的工具，与欧盟“排放交易计划”等“伞工具”相辅相成 如今和（不久的将来）：可以避免从消费者到可再生能源生产者的高额转移支付，从而限制了 社会分布的影响。 本文的另一个核心支柱将是历史性的考察，对政策选择的方式进行调查。 仪器及其特定设计已随时间而改变。在早期，对RE的吸收增加了 低廉的相关成本是政策辩论的重点。随着可再生能源份额的增加，出现了新的范例 发挥作用：加强市场整合–导致政策变化，例如从固定上网电价过渡到 馈电保费计划。从那时起，可再生能源生产商就必须负责销售/营销他们的产品 在发电的同时获得了额外的收入来源支持。得益于欧盟范围内的进一步变化 法律上的“游戏规则”-即通过欧盟委员会关于国家援助的准则 环保与能源（第2014 / C 200/01号）–支持工具的选择范围缩小了， 通常，需要通过拍卖来竞争性地确定欧盟大部分可再生能源装置的支持水平 国家。在本文中，我们将报告所汲取的经验教训，以及如何进行支持计划，尤其是拍卖 设计可能最适合特定需求。 本文的第三大支柱将是前瞻性研究，评估对以下方面的专门支持的需求： 在不久的将来会出现可再生能源。在何种程度上可以逐步取消对可再生能源的专门支持 未来十年主要取决于可再生能源技术的成本，未来的电力和碳排放 价格以及与电力资产投资相关的风险。进一步降低可再生能源的成本 由于可再生能源在全球范围内的日益普及，可以预期在未来的十年中会使用各种技术。 这将降低支持可再生能源部署的成本。但是，未来的电力和碳价格是 受到更高的不确定性。欧盟碳市场目前面临CO_2排放过剩的问题 配额，而许多欧盟电力市场都在为产能过剩而苦苦挣扎。解决这些问题也是一个问题 政治干预，因此存在高度不确定性。以前进行且正在进行的基于模型的 根据给定的2030年可再生能源目标，对国家和欧盟未来可再生能源的部署进行评估 在那件事上。 本文将总结总结的经验教训和对未来的建议。 方法 本文介绍的工作将基于独立外部评价中进行的详细定量和定性评估 Towards2030对话项目（参见[1]）以及H2020项目中正在进行或计划中的正在进行的工作 SET-Nav（请参阅www.set-nav.eu）.1 关于定量分析，我们将使用TU Wien的专用能源系统模型 （Green-X（请参见www.green-x.at），用于识别和评估直至2030年可能的RES发展，表明RES 可以根据不同的政策设计在部门，技术和国家级别进行部署。 与RES技术部署的结果，对成本（发电成本），支出的相关影响互补 （资本和支持性支出）和收益（化石燃料及相关的CO_2排放避免）是一个核心要素 RES政策分析。出于特定目的，例如用于评估RES和未来电力之间的相互作用 市场设计，涉及对所产生电力的绩效顺序效应和相关市场价值的分析 对于可变的和可调度的可再生能源，Green-X是其电力系统伴侣的补充，即 HiREPS模型–进一步阐明电力部门的供需之间的相互作用 由于采用了比RES政策和投资模型Green-X更高的跨期解决方案。 结果与结论 由于我们正在进行的历史调查和透视分析，现在就总结经验教训为时过早。这些会 在适当的时候完成。

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