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Injury Risk to Specific Body Regions of Pedestrians in Frontal Vehicle Crashes Modeled by Empirical, In-Depth Accident Data

机译：通过经验，深入的事故数据建模的正面车辆崩溃的特定身体区域的伤害风险

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摘要

Evaluation of safety benefits is an essential task during design and development of pedestrian protection systems. Comparative evaluation of different safety concepts is facilitated by a common metric taking into account the expected human benefits. Translation of physical characteristics of a collision, such as impact speed, into human benefits requires reliable and preferably evidence-based injury models. To this end, the dependence of injury severity of body regions on explanatory factors is quantified here using the US Pedestrian Crash Data Study (PCDS) for pedestrians in frontal vehicle collisions. The explanatory and causal factors include vehicle component characteristics, physiological and biomechanical variables, and crash parameters. Severe to serious injuries most often involve the head, thorax and lower extremities. In terms of causing components; severe head and thorax injuries occur mainly on the windshield and hood region; serious lower extremity injuries usually occur on the front bumper. In order to formulate a common metric for evaluating the effect sizes of distinct causal factors, multivariate models of injury severity are obtained by binary logistic regression. Impact speed is clearly the most important injury severity predictor for every body region, although biomechanical and physiological variables as well as geometrical characteristics of the vehicle are also significant in multivariate analysis, even controlling for speed. The injury-metric approach is illustrated in a comparison of hypothetical active and passive safety measures. The relative risk reduction to various body regions by this reduction is formulated as a benchmark for comparison of benefits from proposed structural changes to individual vehicle components.
机译：安全效益评估是行人保护系统的设计和开发期间的重要任务。通过考虑到预期的人类益处，通过普通指标促进了对不同安全概念的比较评估。平移碰撞的物理特性，例如冲击速度，进入人类益处需要可靠，优选地是基于证据的伤害模型。为此，伤害严重程度对额外的前沿碰撞中的行人的行人崩溃数据研究（PCDS）量化了对抗性因素的依赖性。解释性和因果因素包括车辆组分特征，生理和生物力学变量和碰撞参数。严重伤害最严重的伤害往往涉及头部，胸部和下肢。在造成组件方面;严重的头部和胸部伤害主要发生在挡风玻璃和引擎盖区域;严重的下肢损伤通常发生在前保险杠上。为了制定评估不同因果因素的效果大小的常见度量，通过二元逻辑回归获得损伤严重程度的多变量模型。冲击速度显然是每个体区域的最重要的伤害严重程度预测因子，尽管生物力学和生理变量以及车辆的几何特征在多变量分析中也显着，甚至控制速度。在假设的主动和被动安全措施的比较中说明了伤害度量方法。通过这种减少对各种车身区域的相对风险降低作为基准，以比较来自所提出的结构变化对个体车辆组分的益处。

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