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Trends in support for research and development of cool season food legumes in the developing countries'

机译：支持发展中国家凉爽季节食品豆类研究与开发的趋势

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In addition to their role in human nutrition, food legumes are an integral part of farming systems world wide. Their role in diversifying cropping systems and in maintaining soil fertility to sustain agricultural production is being realized increasingly among scientists and policy makers in most developing countries. Current (1996) world production is around 57 million tonnes. The population in developing countries is expected to be 6.06 billion by 2010, and the demand for food legumes is expected to be around 110.65 million tonnes. This poses a challenge to scientists and policy makers to meet this demand. The growth trends during 1990-94 for area, production, and productivity globally were negative, with few exceptions. Many countries in Asia need to increase production by at least 50% by 2010, and double it by 2020, to meet the needs of the growing population. The current research and development (R&D) thrusts, in developing countries, are geared towards increased production, but with varied success. An increased reliance on plant breeding and extensive cultivation of legumes in marginal areas has lead to over-exploitation of the limited genetic resources (breeding for adaptation to harsh conditions thus losing genes for high yield). Some national governments (eg Turkey and India) have programs to increase production. The early successes have plateaued, and shifts in direction are needed. Research infrastructure, staff, and funding for agricultural research are inadequate in most developing countries. Compared to 3.29% of agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) invested in R&D by the developed countries, the developing countries were spending on average only 0.39% in the late 1980s. This has declined further in the 1990s. The major proportion (50 to 75%) of the R&D funds in the developing countries is allocated to staple cereals, and only a small portion of the remaining budget is available for legumes. Although there are specialized research institutes or programs for major cereals, foodlegumes are lumped together and hence research efforts are scattered and superficial when compared with cereals. The following strategies are suggested to strengthen support for food legume research. Integrated cropping systems management (variety + agronomic practices + crop rotations) to bridge the yield gap in different agroclimatic conditions. Initiate strategic research to breach yield ceilings, and to develop cultivars that can produce high and stable yields in better-endowed environments and thus compete with cereals. Strengthen research collaboration within and among national programs and with the international agricultural research centers. Increased role of regional, networks and working groups to enhance technical co-operation among developing countries (TCDC). Increase the collaboration between public and private sectors and exploit their comparative advantages to achieve mutual goals. Create Food Legume Councils (that include farmers, traders, and exporters) which support R&D by levyingaxes or cesses on commodities and value-added products.
机译：除了他们在人类营养中的作用外，食物豆类是全球农业系统的一个组成部分。在大多数发展中国家的科学家和政策制定者中，在大多数发展中国家的科学家和政策制定者中，他们在多元化种植系统中的作用以及维持农业生产的作用。目前（1996年）世界生产约为5700万吨。到2010年，发展中国家人口预计将达到60.6亿元，预计食品豆类的需求约为11065万吨。这给科学家和政策制定者带来了挑战，以满足这种需求。在全球范围内，生产和生产力的1990-94期间的增长趋势是负面的，少数例外情况。亚洲许多国家需要在2010年期间增加至少50％，并在2020年下加倍，以满足不断增长的人口的需求。在发展中国家，在发展中国家的目前的研究和开发（研发）推力旨在增加产量，但成功变化。增加对植物育种和广泛地区豆类的广泛培养的依赖导致了过度利用有限的遗传资源（适应对苛刻条件的繁殖，从而损失高产基因）。一些国家政府（例如土耳其和印度）有计划增加产量。早期成功已经有稳定，需要方向转变。在大多数发展中国家，农业研究的研究人员和农业研究资金不足。与发达国家研发投资的3.29％的农业国内生产总值（GDP）相比，发展中国家在20世纪80年代后期平均支出仅0.39％。这在20世纪90年代进一步下降。发展中国家的研发资金的主要比例（50至75％）分配给主食谷物，只有一小部分剩余预算可用于豆类。虽然有专业的研究机构或主要谷物的计划，但食品植物被集中在一起，因此与谷物相比，研究努力分散和肤浅。建议加强对食品豆科植物研究的支持。综合裁剪系统管理（品种+农艺实践+作物旋转），以弥合不同叉状菌株的产量差距。为漏洞产量天花板发起战略研究，并开发品种，可以在更好的环境中产生高且稳定的产量，从而与谷物竞争。加强国家方案和国际农业研究中心的研究合作。增加区域，网络和工作组的作用，以加强发展中国家（TCDC）之间的技术合作。增加公共和私营部门之间的合作，利用他们的比较优势来实现共同目标。创建食物豆科植物委员会（包括农民，贸易商和出口商），支持左边的商品和增值产品的Revantaes或Cesses的研发。

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