Results of the many efforts and programs carried out in the last decades to reduce earthquake losses are critically evaluated. Over time, earthquake damage has risen because the level of exposure, both in terms of number and value of goods and properties, has increased. It is also concluded that a significant vulnerability reduction has not yet been achieved in most countries, especially those in the developing world. The lack of a definite reduction is mainly attributed to the fact that proper knowledge and technologies have not reached those sectors involved in major parts of the construction process, namely non-specialized professionals and builders. In order to promote changes aimed at improving structure safety, the process through which construction practice evolves in these sectors should be understood. As an example, the development of "confined masonry construction" as a low-technology procedure, yet robust and redundant, directed to overcome the most critical inherent weaknesses of unreinforced masonry is described. Problems related to the implementation of earthquake-resistant reinforced concrete frame structures are examined in light of the experiences and lessons learned from recent strong earthquakes in modern cities as Mexico, Kobe and Istanbul. For non-engineered construction, solutions akin to the local practice and with a clearly understandable structural behavior and evident advantages should be promoted. For the general, typical, constructions, simplified design methods must be developed and disseminated. Additionally, simple, robust and redundant structural systems must be encouraged, such as walled structures, instead of bare moment-resistant frames. For important buildings, the participation of qualified professionals should be assured through the implementation of a registry of specialists strictly rated by peers and through peer-reviewing processes. It is tor this category of structures that an advanced seismic regulation is necessary; such requirements should have the general consensus of practitioners and academics.
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