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Summary of Results from a Series of Models-3/CMAQ Simulations of Ozone in the Western United States

机译：美国西部臭氧的一系列模型-3 / CMAQ模拟结果摘要

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摘要

As part of a proof-of-concept effort designed to better understand the Models-3/Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system, CMAQ was configured and successfully applied for a July 1996 ozone episode over the western United States. The simulations were completed for a 36 and 12 km nested grid with 12 vertical layers. The meteorological input fields were developed using the National Center for Atmospheric Research/Penn State University Mesoscale Model (MM5), and the emissions were based on a version of the National Emissions Trend (NET) inventory. Several configurations of the CMAQ model were compiled and executed, and several diagnostic simulations were completed, before identifying a base case simulation. In particular, the modeling applied two different chemical solvers and tested the effects of a plume-in-grid algorithm. One solver was found to be significantly faster than the other solver, yet both yielded comparable results. Although the faster solver is still being evaluated, it is particularly appealing for large-scale CMAQ applications like this because of its greater computational efficiency. The CMAQ Plume-in-Grid (PinG) algorithm was successfully applied for 100 point sources and generated results qualitatively comparable to other PinG approaches. A limited model performance evaluation, consisting only of surface ozone comparisons, was conducted for one of the base cases. Underestimations of ozone were prevalent, with a mean bias of about -23 percent. Although CMAQ predictions were relatively accurate in the eastern portions of the domain (e.g., Denver, Albuquerque, Salt Lake City), they were much lower than observations in the urbanized portions of California. It is suspected that the causes of the under predictions in both exercises are due to underestimated motor vehicle and biogenic emissions inputs.
机译：作为旨在证明的概念努力的一部分，更好地了解该机型-3 /社区多尺度空气质量（CMAQ）模拟系统，CMAQ被配置并成功申请了1996年7月的臭氧事件在美国西部。模拟已经完成用于与12层垂直的层36和12公里嵌套网格。气象输入字段使用国家大气研究中心/宾夕法尼亚州立大学的中尺度模式（MM5）开发的，排放是基于一个版本的国家排放趋势（NET）库存。该CMAQ模型的几个构型被编译和执行，和几个诊断仿真完成，识别基础案例模拟之前。特别地，建模应用两种不同的化学解算器和测试了羽流式网格算法的影响。一个求解发现比其他求解器更快的是显著，但都取得了相当的成果。虽然更快的求解器还有待评估，因此特别呼吁，因为其更大的计算效率的大规模应用CMAQ这样。所述CMAQ羽功能于网格（PING）算法已成功应用100种源和生成的结果定性地比得上其他PING接近。有限模型性能评价，仅由表面臭氧比较，是为的基情形之一进行。臭氧的低估是普遍，约-23％的平均偏离值。虽然CMAQ预测是在域东部的部分相对准确的（例如，丹佛，阿尔伯克基，盐湖城），他们比在加利福尼亚州的部分城市化的意见要低得多。据推测，的下两个练习预测的原因是由于低估机动车辆和生物排放输入。

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