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首页> 外文会议>Air Waste Management Association's Annual conference Exhibition >DIRECT BENEFITS TO HUMAN HEALTH FROM PERFORMING HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENTS FOR MOBILE SOURCES
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DIRECT BENEFITS TO HUMAN HEALTH FROM PERFORMING HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENTS FOR MOBILE SOURCES

机译：对人类健康的直接益处对移动来源进行健康风险评估

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In the recent years there has been a growing concern that air toxics emitted from mobile sources can cause serious human health effects, including cancer. The mobile sources include vehicles on the freeways (gasoline as well diesel powered) and aircraft operations at the airports. The health risks from mobile sources are a major source of concern in many regions since the air toxics emissions from stationary sources have been reduced significantly. The methodology for performing health risk assessments (HRAs) for mobile sources has not been fully developed and formalized, but in the last two to three years a number of health risk assessments have been performed, such as HRAs for the Santa Monica and John Wayne Airports in California. Similar studies have also been performed in other parts of the country. These studies have concluded that health risks are significant in the vicinity of airports. There also have been a number of studies on the health risks from vehicles on freeways and other roadways. In the initial stages, most of the studies were for gasoline vehicles, but lately the focus has shifted to diesel-operated vehicles, especially heavy trucks and other equipment. The South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) conducted a comprehensive air-monitoring program in 1999, which involved monitoring of over 30 air toxics at a number of locations in the Southern California Air Basin. Using the air toxics monitored data, the SCAQMD estimated that the carcinogenic risk in the Basin is about 1,400 per million people, and mobile sources (e.g. cars, trucks, trains, ships, aircraft, etc.) represent the greatest contributor. The most important finding of this study was that 70% of all risks could be attributed to diesel particulate emissions and about 20% to other toxics associated with mobile sources. Only about 10%) of all risks could be attributed to stationary sources. The HRA for diesel emissions was based on the unit risk factor (URF) of 300 (ug/m~3 )~(-1) , which is being challenged by various affected organizations. The California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment suggested this unit risk factor for diesel exhaust. It is agreed by many health risk assessors that the URF and the health risks from exposure to diesel particulates may not be that high, but the risks appear to be significant. This has led to a general consensus amongst the regulators that, in addition to refining the health risk assessments from diesel exposure, it is essential to develop technologies to reduce the diesel exhaust emissions. As a result, a number of regulations have been developed, and additional regulations are being developed and proposed at state as well as at federal level, which would include the reduction of sulfur in diesel fuel and installation of additional control systems on diesel engines. This indicates that the performance of HRAs for mobile sources has contributed directly to the benefits to human health (reduction in health risks from mobile sources). This paper presents an overview of the human health risk assessments performed for various mobile source related projects, the rules and regulations developed to control the emissions of air toxics from mobile sources, and direct benefits to human health from these actions.
机译：近年来，越来越担心从移动源发出的空气毒素可能导致严重的人类健康影响，包括癌症。移动来源包括高速公路上的车辆（汽油也是柴油动力）和机场的飞机运营。自移动来源的健康风险是许多地区担忧的主要来源，因为静止来源的空气无论是显着降低的。对移动来源进行健康风险评估（HRA）的方法尚未完全发达和正式化，但在过去两到三年中，已经进行了许多健康风险评估，例如圣莫尼卡和约翰韦恩机场的HRAS在加利福尼亚。在该国的其他地区也进行了类似的研究。这些研究得出结论，卫生风险在机场附近都很重要。还有一些关于高速公路和其他道路上车辆的健康风险研究。在最初的阶段，大多数研究都是用于汽油车的，但最近的焦点已经转向柴油机，特别是重型卡车和其他设备。南海岸空气质量管理区（SCAQMD）于1999年进行了全面的空中监测计划，涉及在南加州空气盆地的一些地点监测30多个空中毒品。使用Air Toxics监测数据，SCAQMD估计，盆地的致癌风险约为1,400百万人，移动来源（例如汽车，卡车，火车，船舶，飞机等）代表最大的贡献者。本研究中最重要的发现是，70％的风险可能归因于柴油颗粒物质排放和约20％与与移动来源相关的其他论谱。只有大约10％的风险可能归因于静止来源。柴油排放的HRA是基于300（UG / M〜3）〜（-1）的单位风险因子（URF），其受到各种受影响组织的挑战。加州环境卫生危害评估办公室建议柴油排气的本机危险因素。许多健康风险评估员达成协议，即暴露于柴油颗粒的URF和健康风险可能不是那么高，但风险似乎是显着的。这导致监管机构之间的一般共识，除了炼柴油暴露的健康风险评估外，还必须开发技术以减少柴油排放。因此，已经制定了许多法规，并在国家以及联邦一级开发并提出了额外的规定，包括减少柴油燃料中的硫磺和在柴油发动机上安装额外的控制系统。这表明移动来源的HRA的性能直接促进了对人类健康的益处（减少了移动来源的健康风险）。本文概述了对各种移动源相关项目进行的人体健康风险评估，制定的规则和条例，以控制来自移动来源的空中毒素的排放，以及从这些行动中直接享受人类健康的益处。

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