Cesarean section is frequently performed in bitches and less commonly in queens. In humans and animals, survival rates of both the mother and offspring have increased over the past 25 years and much of this is due to a better understanding of the physiologic changes that occur during pregnancy and improved anesthetic management and patient monitoring. -There has been a lot of discussion on the perioperative care of dogs and cats at term and there are numerous anesthetic protocols in the literature.However, it is only recently that a large-scale study has been performed to evaluate the perioperative risk factors affecting overall survival of dogs and puppies undergoing cesarean section in North America.
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