As the new generation of secondary metallurgy and advanced continuous casting technologies have been developed in the last decade, refractory materials have met the greatest challenge in order to secure the high metal quality under economical and ecological aspects. During service refractories must not only tolerate high temperature but also withstand stresses (thermal and/or mechanical) as well as resist combined attacks by liquids such as molten metals, slags and fluxes. Especially in near net shape casting technologies enhanced corrosion and erosion performance is required followed by thin wall thickness design of functional components such as submerged entry nozzles.
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