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Long-Term Groundwater Monitoring for Environmental Risk Assessment: Lessons Learned from UCG Pilot Experiments

机译：环境风险评估的长期地下水监测：从UCG试点实验中汲取的经验教训

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The fear of expensive and litigious groundwater contamination from underground coal gasification (UCG) is a major reason for the industry's growing interest in environmental issues and methodologies for proactive management of contamination of water resources and their impact on human health. Failure to develop rational mitigation plans may result in negative responses from the public, environmental protection stakeholders, and regulatory agencies. UCG pilot studies conducted in the 70s and 80s have shown that the environmental consequences of a poorly designed experiment can have great and harmful consequences on the water quality of the overlying water aquifers. Groundwater monitoring is therefore required to assess human health and environmentàl risks of residual contaminants released during the UCG gasification and after (long term) the UCG activities are completed. Groundwater long-term monitoring (LTM) has become increasingly important and prevalent especially as active remediation concludes and the use of monitored natural attenuation increases. LTM can be costly given the large number of sampling locations (dozens to hundreds), frequency of sampling (as low as quarterly), and number of constituents monitored at a given site. Chemical, and physical data collected during monitoring should be relevant to site-specific monitoring and environmental clean-up objectives. Monitoring and clean-up of subsurface contamination has always proved costly economically and in public goodwill. The U.S. Department of Energy estimated that the total costs for monitoring at their superfund sites are approximately $100 million per year. The U.S. Navy estimated the costs of remedial active operation and LTM in its contaminated sites doubled within 5 years. Since LTM is required for scores of years, the cumulative costs can be significant. Site clean-up and monitoring for UCG pilots that caused contamination have run for decades and on the order of millions per year, but the potentially larger cost has been, in loss of trust in the technology by regulators and the public. Therefore, environmental planning must optimize LTM through either statistical or mathematical methods to minimize monitoring costs while still capturing sufficient information about contaminant levels and plume movement and assuring that monitoring provides early warning of problems. Because the bulk of monitoring costs is from sampling, the goal is to reduce the number of sampling locations, the sampling frequency, and to narrow the list of contaminants that require sampling. The focus of this work is to illustrate mathematical and statistical optimization tools using environmental data collected at DOE's Hoe Creek sites during and after UCG production. Uncertainty in the model and input parameters, causing errors in the predications and possibly unreliable optimal monitoring networks will be illustrated using hypothetical systematic measurement errors, limited site data or uncertain complex hydrogeological conditions.
机译：从煤炭地下气化（UCG）价格昂贵，诉讼地下水污染的恐惧是行业的环境问题和方法的日益关注对水资源的污染的主动管理及其对人类健康的影响的一个重要原因。未能制定合理减缓计划可能导致公众负面反应，保护环境的利益相关者，以及监管机构。在70年代和80年代进行UCG试验研究显示，一个设计不当实验的环境后果可能对上覆水含水层水质伟大和有害的后果。因此，地下水监测需要评估人类健康和UCG气化过程中和之后（长期）的UCG活动完成释放残余污染物的环境风险。地下水长期监测（LTM）特别是积极补救的结论和使用的监测自然衰减的增加变得越来越重要和普遍。 LTM可以是昂贵鉴于大量抽样地点（几十到几百），采样（低至每季度一次）的频率，并在指定网站监控成分的数量。化学和物理数据监控应该是相关的特定地点监测和环境清理目标的过程中收集的。监测和地下污染的清理一直被证明代价高昂的经济和公共好感。能源美国能源部估计，在他们的超级网站监控的总成本是每年约1亿$。美国海军估计补救积极运作和LTM在其受污染场地在5年内增加了一倍的成本。由于LTM需要几十年，累计成本可能会显著。现场清理和监测UCG飞行员造成的污染已经运行了几十年，数以百万计，每年的数量级上，但可能更大的成本一直在失去信任的技术，通过监管机构和公众。因此，环境规划必须通过两种统计或数学方法优化LTM，以尽量减少监督成本，同时还捕获有关污染物水平和羽运动足够的信息，并确保该监控提供的问题发出预警。由于监控成本的大部分是从采样时，目标是减少采样位置，采样频率的数量，并缩小这一需要采样污染物的列表。这项工作的重点是要说明使用的过程中，超声心动图生产后美国能源部的锄头溪遗址采集的环境数据的数学和统计优化工具。在断言中的不确定性模型和输入参数，导致错误并且可能不可靠的最佳监测网络将利用假想系统测量误差，有限的位点数据或不确定的复杂的水文地质条件加以说明。

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