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The use of temperate species in the Australian subtropics

机译：在澳大利亚副数据中使用温带物种

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Temperate species and tropical crop silage are the basis for forage production for the dairy industry in the Australian subtropics. Irrigation is the key resource needed for production, with little survival of temperate species under rain-grown conditions except for lucerne. Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), fertilised with either inorganic nitrogen or grown with clovers, is the main cool season forage for the dairy industry. It is sown into fully prepared seedbeds, oversown into tropical grasses, especially kikuyu (Pennisetum ciandestinum) or sown after mulching. There has been a continual improvement in the performance of annual and hybrid ryegrass cultivars over the last 25 years. In small plot, cutting experiments, yields of annual ryegrasstypically range from 15 to 21 t DM/ ha. with equivalent on-farm yields of 7 to 14 t DM/ha of utilised material. Rust (Puccinia coronata) remains the major concern although resistance is more stable than in oats. There have also been major improvements inthe performance of perennial ryegrass (L. perenne) cultivars although their persistence under grazing is insufficient to make them a reliable forage source for the subtropics. On the other hand, tall fescue (Festuca arundlinacea) and prairie grass (Bromus willdenowii) cultivars perform well under cutting and grazing, although farmer resistance to the use of tall fescue is strong. White clover (Trifolium repens) is a reliable and persistent performer although disease usually reduces its performance in the third year after sowing. Persian (Shaftal) annual clover (T. resupinatum) gives good winter production but the performance of berseem clover (T. alexandrinum) is less reliable and the sub clovers (T. subterraneum) are generally not suited to clay soils of neutral to alkaline pH. Lucerne (Medicago sativa), either as a pure stand or in mixtures, is a high producing legume under both irrigation and natural rainfall. Understanding the importance of leaf and crown diseases, and the development of resistant cultivars, have been the reasons for its reliability. Insects on temperate species are not as serious a problem in the subtropics as in New Zealand (NZ). Fungal and viral diseases, on the other hand, cause many problems and forage performance would benefit from more research into resistance.
机译：温带物种和热带作物青贮饲料是澳大利亚亚热带乳业生产生产的基础。灌溉是生产所需的关键资源，除了卢塞恩外，雨水生长条件下的温带物种少。用无机氮或用三叶草种植施肥的年度黑麦草（Lolium Multiflorum）是乳制品行业的主要凉爽季节。它被播种为完全准备好的苗床，经纪到热带草，特别是Kikuyu（Pennisetum Ciandestinum）或覆盖后播种。在过去25年中，在年度和杂交黑麦草品种的表现持续改善。在小图中，切割实验，年褐盐的产量范围为15至21吨DM / HA。相当于农场产量为7至14吨/公顷的利用材料。锈病（Puccinia coronata）仍然是主要问题，尽管抗性比燕麦更稳定。虽然它们在放牧下的持久性不足以使其成为副数据集的可靠觅食来源，但常年黑麦草（L. Perenne）的性能也有重大改进。另一方面，高菲舍斯（Festuca Arundlinacea）和草原草原（Bromus Willenowii）品种在切割和放牧下表现良好，尽管农民抵抗高大的FESCEUE是强大的。白三叶草（Trifolium Repens）是一种可靠而持久的表演者，但疾病通常在播种后的第三年降低其性能。波斯（草坪）年三叶草（T. Resupinatum）给予良好的冬季产量，但麻骨三叶草（T.Alexandrinum）的表现不太可靠，并且亚偶联（底液）通常不适合中性至碱性pH的粘土土壤。 Lucerne（Medicago Sativa），作为纯支架或混合物，是在灌溉和自然降雨下的高生产豆科植物。了解叶和冠疾病的重要性，以及抗性品种的发展，是其可靠性的原因。温带物种上的昆虫并不像新西兰（NZ）一样严重亚热带的问题。另一方面，真菌和病毒性疾病导致许多问题和饲料性能将受益于抗性的更多研究。

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