Psychoanalysis is an observational natural science that studies the developmental structures (organization) and dynamics of psychic life. Like the discoveries of natural sciences generally, including the neurosciences and psychiatry, psychoanalytic findings provide evidence for philosophical naturalism or materialism1. This fact alone is sufficient to contradict the view, sometimes advanced by psychoanalysts themselves, that psychoanalysis, as Freud developed it, is ontologically, epistemologically or psychologically, Cartesian.
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