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Comparison of Heating Methods for In-situ Oil Shale Extraction

机译：原位油页岩提取的加热方法比较

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Oil shales are lamellar, non-porous, impermeable hydrocarbon bearing rocks that contain organic matter called kerogen which, when heated at pyrolysis temperature of approximately 650-700 oF, thernio-chemically decomposes to liberate hydrocarbons. They are at the base of the resource triangle because cutting edge technology and higher fuel prices are required to economically produce them. Technologies for oil shale production include surface and in-situ retorting. This study focusses on in-situ oil shale production methodologies. The process of heating oil shale to the pyrolysis temperature can be achieved by direct or indirect heating. Direct heating geometries include the Shell in-situ conversion process (ICP) using downhole electric heaters in vertical holes and the ExxonMobil approach using longitudinal vertical fractures created from horizontal wells and propped w ith electrically conductive material such as calcined coke. Indirect heating approaches propose injection and circulation of steam or a non-condensable gas like CO2. These include the Chevron concept of creating horizontal fractures in vertical wells or the Texas A&M concept using multiple vertical transverse fractures penetrated by horizontal wells. The objective of this paper is to compare energy and recovery efficiency of various in-situ retorting technologies using different heating schemes and well configurations as mentioned above. Thermo-physical parameters like thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, porosity, permeability needed for the numerical simulation have been obtained by extensive literature survey of various oil shale deposits in Green river formation of USA A sensitivity analysis of direct heating pattern and spacing reproduces previous work. Then the validated model is used to evaluate the size and fracture spacing sufficient to heat the oil shale in the direct and indirect heating approaches and to compare pressurized hot fluid circulation to heating elements The use of the same wells for both heating and hydrocarbon production offer an economic edge for indirect heating approaches.
机译：石油是含有称为Kerogen的有机物质的层状，无孔，不透水的碳氢化合物岩石，当在大约650-700的热解温度下加热时，Thernio-化学分解为释放烃。它们位于资源三角形的基础上，因为尖端技术和更高的燃料价格需要经济地生产它们。油页岩生产技术包括表面和原位脱果。本研究侧重于原位油页岩生产方法。通过直接或间接加热可以实现加热到热解温度的加热油页面的过程。直接加热几何形状包括使用垂直孔中的井下电加热器的壳原位转换过程（ICP），并且使用从水平孔产生的纵向垂直骨折和诸如煅烧的焦炭的导电材料提出了导电材料的纵向垂直骨折。间接加热方法提出蒸汽的喷射和循环，如CO 2如CO 2。这些包括使用水平孔穿透的多个垂直横向骨折在垂直井或德克萨斯A＆M概念中创造水平骨折的人文概念。本文的目的是使用如上所述的不同加热方案和井配置进行比较各种原位逃离技术的能量和恢复效率。通过对美国绿河形成的各种油页岩沉积物的广泛的文献调查，获得了热导率，比热容，孔隙率，数值模拟所需的渗透率等热物理参数已经获得了直接加热模式的敏感性分析和以前的工作。然后，验证的模型用于评估足以在直接和间接加热方法中加热油页岩的尺寸和断裂间距，并将加压热流体循环与加热元件进行比较，使用相同的井用于加热和碳氢化合物生产提供间接加热方法的经济边缘。

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