The experimental and theoretical study of atomic inner-shell ionization cross-sections by electron impact, a subject of scientific study for many years, is important both for understanding the interaction between electrons and atoms and for technology application. The cross-section for the ionization of atoms and molecules by electron impact is one of the essential sets of data needed in a wide range of applications. For example, this can be used to the impurity diagnosis of magnetic fusion devices. It is well known that radiative cooling by low- and high-Z impurities accounts for a significant fraction of the power loss from tokamak plasmas. Several investigations have shown that the impurity radiation can seriously impair tokamak performance. The study of soft x-rays emitted between l-20keV has, therefore, increased in importance, furnishing electron temperature data and a wealth of impurity information.
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