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LOST BIRD-YEARS: QUANTIFYING BIRD INJURIES IN NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE ASSESSMENTS FOR OIL SPILLS

机译：丢失的鸟年：量化自然资源损伤评估的鸟类伤害

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摘要

Large oil spills routinely impact hundreds or even thousands of birds. In order to determine the compensation that responsible parties owe the public, trustee agencies typically examine the number of live and dead birds collected to estimate total bird mortality caused by the spill (Ford et al., 1987). In these natural resource damage assessments (NRDA), compensation is typically based upon the potential ecological benefits that flow from a restoration project. In the case of a bird kill, final compensation is based upon the cost of implementing a restoration project and not upon a dollar value per bird. The dominant paradigm for calculating compensatory restoration for bird injuries is Resource Equivalency Analysis (REA). This paper begins by providing a brief overview of REA when applied to birds. We then examine the REA implications of varying the level of mortality, baseline variability, and demographic variables in a simple population model that tracks both injured and baseline population levels. After finding no evidence that these factors necessarily produce short recovery times, we summarize two general approaches for calculating lost bird-years. We conclude that short recovery times (e.g., one-year) are unlikely for birds when using individual-based measures of injury. Further, we believe that recovery times may be much longer than currently calculated for situations where plausible "recovery mechanisms" cannot be defined.
机译：大型油溢出常规影响数百甚至数千只鸟。为了确定责任各方欠公众，受托人机构通常审查收集的现场和死亡鸟类的数量，以估计溢出造成的鸟类总死亡率（FORD等，1987）。在这些自然资源损害评估（NRDA）中，赔偿通常基于从恢复项目流动的潜在生态效益。在鸟类杀戮的情况下，最终补偿基于实施修复项目的成本，而不是每只鸟的美元价值。用于计算鸟类损伤补偿恢复的主导范式是资源等效分析（Rea）。本文首先在应用于鸟类时提供了简要概述。然后，我们检查在追踪受伤和基线人口水平的简单人口模型中改变死亡率，基线变异性和人口变量水平的rea。在找不到这些因素时，这些因素必须产生短暂的恢复时间，我们总结了两种计算丢失鸟年的一般方法。我们得出结论，在利用基于个体的伤害措施时，鸟类恢复时间（例如，一年）不太可能。此外，我们认为，对于无法定义合理的“恢复机制”的情况，恢复时间可能比目前计算的时间长。

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