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Investigation of Flood Induced Pipeline Failures on Lower San Jacinto River

机译：洪水河下洪水炎洪水诱导管道故障调查

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Rainfall from October 15-19, 1994 produced a flood of major proportions on the San Jacinto River in Harris County, Texas. On the morning of October 20, the surface of the river from the I-10 Bridge over the San Jacinto River to the Rio Villa subdivision just north of Wallisville road suddenly burst into flames. West of the subdivision on the south side of the San Jacinto River, at a distance of a few hundred feet, was a corridor of four pipelines running parallel to the river (a 20″ O. D. (508 mm) crude oil, a 36″O. D. (914mm) diesel pipeline, a 40″ O. D. (1016 mm) gasoline pipeline, and 123/4″ O. D. (324 mm) natural gas pipeline). These pipelines were one by one succumbing to the forces of the floodwaters. First the crude oil pipeline broke and began spreading its contents on the waters. At 8:30 am the gasoline pipeline failed, releasing its contents on the water with the crude oil. When this volatile product reached an ignition source, the surface of the river erupted in flames. At 3:20 pm the diesel pipeline likewise failed, and the fire ignited its contents. At 3:45 pm the natural gas pipeline failed and its contents were ignited by the fire. A U.S. Geological Survey report, in January 1995 reported a record flow in the San Jacinto River just above the study area of the pipeline failures as having a measured current velocity of 15+ feet per second (fps) (4.6 meters per second, mps) on October 19, 1994. Three days after the breaks, measurements taken by divers recorded velocities of 12 fps (3.7 mps) at the location of the pipeline crossings of the San Jacinto River. A detailed forensic investigation was conducted to determine the cause of the failures. It was assumed that oscillations and hydrodynamic loads were imposed on the pipelines by the varying current velocities and combined with the unsupported span lengths caused stresses that resulted in a fatigue failure of each pipeline. Computations and analyses were made for steel pipe with the characteristics of; 1) a 36 in. O.D. x 0.375 in.(914 mm x 9.5 mm) W.T., Grade API 5L X 46 pipe filled with petroleum products having a specific gravity of 0.8438, and 2) a 40 in. O.D. x 0.344 in (1016 mm x 8.7 mm) W.T., Grade API 5L X 60 pipe filled with petroleum products having a specific gravity of 0.7301. These two pipelines were then each analyzed for unsupported span lengths varying from 100 feet to 400 feet (30.5 m to 121.9 m) under current velocities varying from 5 feet per second (fps) to 17.5 fps (1.5 to 5.3 mps). Actual length of the failed segment for each pipeline size was derived from survey data. Analysis of the computations of loads imposed upon the pipelines by the estimated current velocities, concurrent exposure of critical span lengths, the frequency of the loading and unloading, and the duration of these loadings indicate that failure of each pipeline was due to the fatigue of the metal caused by vortex shedding (flutter) of the current flowing over a round (pipeline) body. These results compared favorably with measurements of the failed pipelines by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB).
机译：降雨从10月15日至19日，1994年生产的圣哈辛托河在哈里斯县，得克萨斯州大比例的洪水。 10月20日上午，从I-10桥河上圣哈辛托河里约别墅细分表面以北Wallisville道路突然爆炸起火。在圣哈辛托河的南侧细分，在几百英尺的距离西，是平行于河边跑步4条管线（20走廊“OD（508 MM）的原油，36”OD （914毫米）柴油管道，40“OD（1016毫米）汽油管道，和123/4”OD（324 MM）的天然气管道）。这些管道是一个接一个死于洪水的力量。首先，原油管道破裂，并开始在水面上传播的内容。上午8:30汽油管道失败，与原油的水释放其内容。当这种挥发性产物达到火源时，江面爆发的火焰。下午3:20柴油管道同样失败了，用火点燃它的内容。下午3:45天然气管道失败，其内容是由火点燃。一位美国地质调查局报告，在1995年1月报道只是管道故障为具有15+英尺每秒（fps）的测量当前速度的研究区域上方圣哈辛托河创纪录的流量（每秒4.6米，MPS） 10月19日，在休息后，1994年3天，采取在圣哈辛托河的管道交叉的位置记录的12个FPS（3.7 MPS）的速度潜水员测量。详细取证调查是为了确定失败的原因。这是假设的振荡和水动力负载通过电流变动速度在管道施加并用引起的应力无支撑跨度的长度，导致每个流水线的疲劳失效组合。计算和分析为钢管的特性作了; 1）在一个36。O.D. X0.375英寸（914毫米×9.5毫米）W.T.，等级API 5L X 46管填充有石油产品的0.8438的比重，和2）在一个40。O.D. X 0.344在（1016毫米×8.7毫米）W.T.，充满具有0.7301比重石油产品级API 5L X 60管。这两个管道然后每个被分析为不支持跨度长度改变从100英尺到400英尺（30.5米至121.9米）根据当前的速度从每秒（fps）的5英尺变化到17.5 FPS（1.5至5.3 MPS）。为每个流水线大小失败段的实际长度是从调查数据导出的。通过所估计的当前速度，临界跨度长度的同时暴露在所述管道施加负载的计算的分析，装载和卸载，并且这些负载的持续时间的频率表示每个管道的，未能的疲劳是由于金属引起的涡旋脱落流过圆（管道）体的电流的（摆动）。这些结果与失败的管道由国家运输安全委员会（NTSB）的测量相比毫不逊色。

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