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首页> 外文会议>Symposium on Symposium on Dimension Stone Use in Building Construction >Testing and Assessment of Marble and Limestone (TEAM)- Important Results from a Large European Research Project on Cladding Panels
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Testing and Assessment of Marble and Limestone (TEAM)- Important Results from a Large European Research Project on Cladding Panels

机译：大理石和石灰石（团队）的测试和评估 - 覆盖板上大型研究项目的重要成果

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The use of natural stone as facade cladding has been shown to have much lower life cycle costs and they are more environmentally friendly than comparable products of concrete, glass, and steel. Promoting the use of natural stone has therefore a great positive impact on the environment. However, the number of occurrences of bowing and expansion of marble and limestone panels has led to increased maintenance costs, significant safety risk, and negative publicity. The lack of knowledge of a solution to the problem of bowing marble has a large negative effect on the entire stone trade. In response, short-sighted and less durable construction solutions are used as an alternative, adding to the decreasing export figures and numbers of employees within the stone sector. The TEAM (TEAM=TEsting and Assessment of Marble and limestone) project addresses a problem with marble types, from several European countries, that display bowing on facades in both cold and warm climates. There is, therefore a need to develop harmonized European standards for differentiating between marble that is susceptible to bowing and marble that is not. Resolution No. 013, in May 1999 taken by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Technical Committee (TC) 246 Natural Stone states the urgent needs "to develop a direct test method of the bowing risk for marble cladding products." Thus, the project addresses the mandate for external wall coverings and the safety of panels. This paper serves to give a comprehensive overview of the main findings in the project. The main objectives were: ? To understand and explain the mechanisms of the expansion and loss of strength, probably the most important phenomena leading to degradation of marble and limestone clad facades. ? To prevent the use of deleterious marble and limestone by introducing drafts for European standards. ? To develop a concept for assessment of facades, including a monitoring system in order to predict strength development and improve safety and reliability. ? To analyze if surface coating and impregnation could prevent or diminish the degradation. ? To address quality control aspects in order to optimize the production conditions. The TEAM project consortium, representing nine EU (European union) countries, comprised sixteen partners representing stone producers and trade associations, testing laboratories, standardization and certification bodies, consultants, building owners and caretakers and producers of fixing and repair systems. A state-of-the-art report has been written and is based on an extensive compilation of more than 400 papers on marble and limestone deterioration dating from the late 1800s to 2006. A survey of about 200 buildings has given a clear picture of the extent of the problem in geographical, geological, and climatological terms. Detailed case studies of six buildings have resulted in a methodology for assessment of facades including monitoring system and risk assessment. Research both in the laboratory and the field were performed on a large number of different stone types from different countries and used in different climates. This gave the explanation of degradation mechanisms and led to the determination of the critical influencing factors. Two tests methods, including precision statements: one for bowing [1] and one for thermal and moisture irreversible expansion have been prepared for submission to CEN TC 246. Repair techniques based on the use of surface coating and impregnation systems has been tested at laboratory and in the field. Positive side effects including increased durability and easier cleaning have been observed. Guidelines for production and product control have been proposed, and an instruction for stone sampling and description has been developed.
机译：由于外立地包层的使用是使用天然石材的使用寿命循环成本，而且比混凝土，玻璃和钢的可比产品更环保。因此，促进天然石材的使用对环境产生了巨大的积极影响。然而，大理石和石灰石板的弯曲和扩展出现的次数导致了维护成本，重大安全风险和负面宣传。对鞠躬大理石问题的解决方案缺乏了解对整个石材贸易有很大的负面影响。在响应中，短视和更少的耐用施工解决方案被用作替代方案，增加了石材部门内的出口数据和员工数量的减少。该团队（团队=大理石和石灰石的测试和评估）项目解决了来自几个欧洲国家的大理石类型的问题，这些国家在寒冷和温暖的气候中显示出弯曲的外墙。因此，需要开发统一的欧洲标准，以区分易受弯曲和大理石的大理石。第013号决议，1999年5月由欧洲标准化委员会（CEN），技术委员会（TC）246天然石材国家的迫切需要“开发了大理石包层产品的鞠躬风险直接测试方法”。因此，该项目解决了外墙覆盖物的任务和面板的安全。本文有助于全面概述项目中的主要结果。主要目标是：？理解和解释力量扩张和失去的机制，可能是导致大理石和石灰石覆盖立面的降解的最重要现象。还是防止通过引入欧洲标准的草案来防止利用有害的大理石和石灰石。还是开发一种评估外墙的概念，包括监测系统，以预测强度发展，提高安全性和可靠性。还是分析表面涂层和浸渍可以预防或减少降解。还是为了解决质量控制方面，以优化生产条件。代表九欧盟（欧盟）国家的团队项目财团包括十六次合作伙伴，代表石材生产商和行业协会，测试实验室，标准化和认证机构，顾问，建筑物所有者和制师和修复系统生产商。已经编写了最先进的报告，并基于从18世纪后期到2006年的大理石和石灰石恶化的大理石和石灰石恶化的广泛汇编。对大约200个建筑物的调查显示了明确的画面地理，地质和气候学术语问题的程度。对六楼的详细情况研究导致了一种评估外墙的方法，包括监测系统和风险评估。在实验室和该领域的研究是在来自不同国家的大量不同的石类型上进行，并用于不同的气候。这给出了劣化机制的解释，并导致了临界影响因素的确定。两个测试方法，包括精确陈述：用于弯曲[1]和一个用于热和水分不可逆膨胀的方法，用于提交CEN TC 246.在实验室测试了基于表面涂层和浸渍系统的使用的修复技术在该领域。已经观察到具有增加的耐用性和更容易清洁的正副作用。提出了生产和产品控制指南，开发了用于石材采样和描述的指令。

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