Sub-aresecond observations revealing the fine sub-structure of penumbral filaments and new properties of their dynamics, provide both the basis and constraints for novel models of the penumbra. Even more severe con-ditions are imposed on models by new data obtained with the SOT instrument on Hinode, showing e.g. direct connection between the dynamic changes in penumbra and appearance of bright transients in the overlying chromosphere. We propose the mechanism that not only explains the observed properties of in-dividual filaments, but is part of the physical process that determines formation of penumbra and its impact on the overlying atmosphere.
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