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Urea Encapsulation in Modified Starch Matrix for Nutrients Retention

机译：用于营养素的改性淀粉基质中的尿素包封

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It has been estimated that 20-70% of the used urea goes to the environment via leaching, nitrification and volatilization which not only harms the environment but also reduces the urea efficiency. By coating the urea granules, the farmers can achieve high urea performance through controlling the excess release of nitrogen. Up until now, different materials have been tested for nutrients retention. However, most of them are either expensive or unfriendly to the environment. Being cheap and biodegradable materials, the starches may also be used to coat the urea fertilizer for controlling the nutrients release. However, the pure starches do not meet the standards set by many industrial processes due to their slow tacking and too low viscosities and should be modified for getting smooth, compact and mechanically stronger coatings. In these studies, the tapioca starch was modified by reacting it with urea and different masses of borax. The prepared solutions were used to coat the urea granules of 3.45 mm average diameter. Different volumes (1, 1.5 and 2 mL) of each solution were used to coat 30 g of urea fluidized above the minimum level of fluidization. It was noticed that the coating thickness, percent coating, dissolution rate and percent release follow an increasing trend with an increase of solution volume; however, some random results were obtained while investigating the solution volume effects on the percent release. It was seen that the nutrients percent release over time increases with an increase in solution volume from 1 to 1.5 mL and thereafter reaches to a steady state. It confirms that the 1.5 mL of solution for 30 g urea samples will give the optimized coating results.
机译：据估计，所使用的尿素的20-70％用于通过浸出，硝化和挥发环境不仅危害环境而且还降低了尿素的效率。通过涂覆尿素颗粒，农民可以实现通过控制氮的过量释放高尿素的性能。截至目前为止，不同的材料已经过测试，营养素保留。然而，大多数人要么是昂贵或对环境不利。便宜并且可生物降解的材料中，淀粉也可用于涂覆尿素肥料用于控制营养素释放。然而，纯淀粉类不符合许多工业过程所定的标准，由于其缓慢的粘性，过低的粘度，应修改为获得光滑，紧致和机械更强的涂料。在这些研究中，木薯淀粉是由它与脲和不同质量硼砂反应而改性。将所制备的溶液用于涂覆3.45毫米平均直径的尿素颗粒。每种溶液的不同体积（1,1.5和2毫升）被用来覆层30克尿素流化的最低水平之上流化床的。可以注意到的涂层厚度，涂层百分比，溶解速率和释放百分比按照随着溶液体积的增加的趋势;然而，在调查的释放百分比溶液体积的影响，得到了一些随机的结果。结果，可以看到在具有从1至1.5毫升的增加溶液体积时间增加并且此后释放营养素百分比达到一个稳定状态。它证实了1.5毫升的溶液30克尿素的样品将得到优化的涂覆结果。

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