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Quantification of Impacts of Nitrogen Deposition on Forest Ecosystem Services in Europe

机译：氮沉积对欧洲森林生态系统服务的影响

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Important forest ecosystem services are the provision of a habitat for a diversity of plants and wildlife (habitat service), pollutant filtering relevant for an adequate water quality (regulating service) and wood production with the related carbon (C) storage (provisioning/regulating service). Nitrogen (N) deposition affects these ecosystem services as it has an impact on: (i) the habitat for wild plants, reducing plant species diversity, (ii) water/soil quality by its impact on acidity (pH) and on the soil accumulation and leaching of N as nitrate, aluminium (Al) and metals to ground water and surface water and (iii) net primary production and C sequestration. In this chapter, we describe the application of the Very Simple Dynamic (VSD) model, extended with relationships between nitrogen (N) deposition and greenhouse gas emissions, on a European-wide scale to quantify the impact of N deposition on these forest ecosystem services. This includes: (i) potential impacts of N deposition on plant species diversity in terms of excess N deposition compared to critical loads for N, (ii) excess nitrate (NO_3) and Al concentrations in leachate to groundwater and surface water compared to critical limits, (iii) soil acidification, in terms of the depletion of the pools of base cations (BC) and Al, and (iv) C sequestration and related emissions of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (CO_2), nitrous oxide (N_2O) and methane (CH_4). Results show that the N deposition reduction measures that have been taken since 1980 have led to a reduction between 10 and 15 % in the areas exceeding critical N loads and critical limits forNO_3 and Al in groundwater or surface water, but the estimated CO_2 uptake is nearly 20 % lower under a reduced N deposition scenario as compared to a constant 1980 N deposition scenario. The N induced N_2O emissions however counteract the N induced C sequestration.
机译：重要的森林生态系统服务是为植物和野生动物（栖息地服务）多样性的栖息地提供栖息地，污染物过滤与充足的水质（调节服务）和用相关碳（C）储存的木材生产（供应/调节服务）。氮气（n）沉积影响这些生态系统服务，因为它对：（i）野生植物的栖息地，降低植物物种多样性，（ii）水/土壤质量因其对酸度（pH）的影响以及土壤积累并浸出N作为硝酸盐，铝（Al）和金属与地下水和地表水和（III）净初级生产和C螯合。在本章中，我们描述了非常简单的动态（VSD）模型的应用，延伸了氮气（n）沉积和温室气体排放之间的关系，在欧洲范围内，量化N沉积对这些森林生态系统服务的影响。这包括：（i）与N，（ii）过量硝酸盐（NO_3）和酸液中的临界载荷相比，N沉积对植物物种的潜在影响与N，（II）过量硝酸盐（NO_3）和Al浓度与地下水和地表水相比，与临界限制相比，（iii）土壤酸化，就基阳离子（Bc）和Al的污水和（iv）C螯合和相关的温室气体螯合和相关排放而言，二氧化碳（CO_2），氧化二氮（N_2O）和甲烷而言（CH_4）。结果表明，已采取自1980年以来的N个沉积减少措施导致10和在区域超过临界氮负荷和在地下水或地表水临界极限forNO_3和Al的15％之间的降低，但是所估计的CO_2吸收几乎是与常数1980N的沉积方案相比，减少的N个沉积场景下降了20％。然而，N诱导的N_2O排放抵消了N诱导的C螯合。

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