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Opportunities and Challenges of Using Treated Wastewater in Agriculture

机译：农业处理废水的机遇与挑战

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The increase of the world population and the limitation of water in most of the countries led to over-pumping of traditional water resources especially the groundwater used in agriculture. Agriculture is using between 60 and 90 % of surface and groundwater. During the last two decades, the reuse of treated wastewater in agriculture had increased enormously due to the increase of food demand and expansion of agricultural areas. The shortage of water could be partially overcome by use of this new watersource, Treated Wastewater (TWW). TWW can be used for irrigation under controlled conditions to minimize health risks arising from pathogenic and toxic pollution of the agricultural produce, soils, surface and groundwater. TWW reuse is one potential intervention strategy for developing nonconventional water resources. Reuse of TWW for irrigation and other purposes could contribute considerably to the reduction of 'water stress' and 'water scarcity' in the GCC countries. This chapter will highlight thefactors that need to be considered when using TWW in agriculture especially the reuse in crop production, in addition to the main challenges and constraints facing the GCC countries in TWW reuse in agricultural production. It is a major challenge to optimize the benefits of TWW as a resource and to minimize the negative impacts of its use on human health. Different studies showed an increase of both the quantity and the quality of crops irrigated with TWW. In general, TWW has proved to be a very promising source of water for irrigation for crop cultivation. However,some constraints have been observed. These are related to economic, environmental and social issues. These constraints could be overcome by following certain practices and proper governmental policies and regulations.
机译：世界人口的增加和大多数国家的水限制导致传统水资源过度泵送，特别是农业中使用的地下水。农业使用60％至90％的表面和地下水。在过去的二十年中，由于粮食需求的增加和农业领域的扩张，农业经过治疗的废水的再利用增加了。通过使用这种新的水源，处理的废水（TWW）可以部分地克服水的短缺。 TWW可用于受控条件下的灌溉，以最大限度地减少农产品，土壤，表面和地下水的致病和毒性污染所产生的健康风险。 TWW重用是发展非共选水资源的一个潜在干预策略。为灌溉和其他目的重复使用TWW，可贡献GCC国家“水分压力”和“水资源稀缺”的减少。除了在农业生产中面临的主要挑战和约束外，本章将突出，特别是在农业中使用TWW，特别是在农业生产中的重用，特别是在农业生产中的主要挑战和制约因素。优化TWW作为资源的好处，并尽量减少对人类健康的负面影响是一项重大挑战。不同的研究表明，用TWW灌溉的作物的数量和质量增加。一般而言，TWW已被证明是作物培养灌溉的一种非常有前途的水源。但是，已经观察到一些约束。这些与经济，环境和社会问题有关。通过遵循某些实践和适当的政府政策和法规，可以克服这些制约因素。

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