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首页> 外文会议>SPE/AAPG/SEG Unconventional Resources Technology Conference >Design of High Pressure CO2-in-Mineral Oil Emulsions, CH4-in-Mineral Oil Foams and N2-in-Mineral Oil Foams Stabilized by Novel Oil-soluble Surfactants for Waterless Hydraulic Fracturing and Proppant Transport
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Design of High Pressure CO2-in-Mineral Oil Emulsions, CH4-in-Mineral Oil Foams and N2-in-Mineral Oil Foams Stabilized by Novel Oil-soluble Surfactants for Waterless Hydraulic Fracturing and Proppant Transport

机译：通过新型油溶性表面活性剂稳定高压CO2矿物油乳液，CH 4内油泡沫和N 2矿物油泡沫的设计，用于无水液压压裂和支撑剂运输

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Waterless emulsions and foams can serve as hydraulic fracturing fluids to eliminate the need for water and reduce permeability damage in water-sensitive formations. Viscous, completely water-free, high pressure liquid CO2-in-oil (C/O) emulsions, N2-in-oil (N/O) foams and methane-in-oil (M/O) foams have been stabilized by interfacially active, oil-soluble, polymeric surfactants. For C/O emulsions, the best surfactant is composed of seven CO2-phobic, oil-philic, long-chain alkyl (C30) pendant groups on a CO2- philic, oil-phobic, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) backbone with 88 repeat units. For N/O and M/O foams, neither N2 nor CH4 has appreciable solvent strength therefore the surfactant design is based upon oilphilic/oil-phobic considerations. It was determined that oil-soluble surfactants that decreased the N/O interfacial tension were the only surfactants that stabilized N/O and M/O foams. The most effective fluorinated and non-fluorous surfactants identified to date for N/O and M/O foams are a proprietary fluorinated copolymer and poly (trimethylhydrosilyl siloxane), respectively. The emulsions/foams were formed by either mixing with an impeller (quality or volume fraction up to 60 vol%) or by simultaneously co-injecting the fluids through a packed bed of 22 Darcy unconsolidated sand (quality up to 90 vol%). In all cases the surfactants dissolve in the oil without inducing gelation. The novel surfactants adsorb at the C/O, N/O or M/O interface despite the very low interfacial tension (driving force) without surfactant present. For C/O emulsions, the surfactant stabilizes the emulsions at a concentration of 2 wt %. The 50-90% quality C/O emulsions, with CO2 droplet sizes in the 5 – 150 μm range, exhibited an apparent viscosity of about 3 - 18 cP at 25o C and 2500 psia as determined with falling ball and capillary viscometers. The emulsions were stable for over a day as indicated by photographs with microscopy. In contrast, N/O foams had an apparent viscosity ranging from 15-250 cP. The apparent viscosity of the M/O foam has not yet been determined.
机译：无水乳液和泡沫可以用作液压压裂液，以消除水的需求，降低水敏感性的渗透性损伤。通过界面稳定，粘性，完全无水，高压液CO 2油（C / O）乳液，N 2油（N / O）泡沫和甲烷 - 油状物（M / O）泡沫稳定活性，油溶性，聚合物表面活性剂。对于C / O乳液，最好的表面活性剂由七种CO 2-PHOBIC，油 - 铁，长链烷基（C30）侧链组成，在CO 2-素，油 - 磷酸，聚二甲基硅氧烷（PDMS）骨架上，具有88个重复单元。对于N / O和M / O泡沫，N 2和CH4都没有明显的溶剂强度，因此表面活性剂设计基于油性/油磷的考虑。确定降低N / O界面张力的油溶性表面活性剂是唯一稳定N / O和M / O泡沫的表面活性剂。迄今鉴定的最有效的氟化和非氟表面活性剂分别是专有的氟化共聚物和聚（三甲基氢硅烷基硅氧烷）。通过与叶轮（质量或高达60体积％的质量分数的质量或高达60体积）的混合来形成乳液/泡沫，或者通过将流体同时通过填充物的22达西未溶胶砂（质量高达90体积％）。在所有情况下，表面活性剂溶解在油中而不诱导胶凝。新的表面活性剂在C / O，N / O或M / O界面上吸附，尽管没有表面活性剂的界面张力（驱动力）非常低。对于C / O乳液，表面活性剂以2wt％的浓度稳定乳液。 50-90％的质量C / O乳液，5-150μm范围内的CO2液滴尺寸，在25℃和2500psia下表现出明显的粘度，如落球和毛细管粘度计测定。乳液稳定在一天多的一天，如拍摄与显微镜的照片所示。相比之下，N / O泡沫的表观粘度范围为15-250cp。尚未确定M / O泡沫的表观粘度。

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