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Pupil alignment considerations for large, deployable space telescopes

机译：大型可展开太空望远镜的瞳孔对准注意事项

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For many optical systems the properties and alignment of the internal apertures and pupils are not critical or controlled with high precision during optical system design, fabrication or assembly. In wide angle imaging systems, for instance, the entrance pupil position and orientation is typically unconstrained and varies over the system's field of view in order to optimize image quality. Aperture tolerances usually do not receive the same amount of scrutiny as optical surface aberrations or throughput characteristics because performance degradation is typically graceful with misalignment, generally only causing a slight reduction in system sensitivity due to vignetting. But for a large deployable space-based observatory like the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), we have found that pupil alignment is a key parameter. For in addition to vignetting, JWST pupil errors cause uncertainty in the wavefront sensing process that is used to construct the observatory on-orbit. Furthermore they also open stray light paths that degrade the science return from some of the telescope's instrument channels. In response to these consequences, we have developed several pupil measurement techniques for the cryogenic vacuum test where JWST science instrument pupil alignment is verified. These approaches use pupil alignment references within the JWST science instruments; pupil imaging lenses in three science instrument channels; and unique pupil characterization features in the optical test equipment. This will allow us to verify and crosscheck the lateral pupil alignment of the JWST science instruments to approximately 1-2% of their pupil diameters.
机译：对于许多光学系统，在光学系统设计，制造或组装期间，内部孔径和光瞳的特性和对准不是关键性的，也不是高精度控制的。例如，在广角成像系统中，入射光瞳的位置和方向通常不受限制，并且会在系统的视场内变化，以优化图像质量。孔径公差通常不会受到与光学表面像差或生产量特性相同的检查，因为性能下降通常与不对准相适应，通常由于渐晕会导致系统灵敏度略有降低。但是对于像詹姆斯·韦伯太空望远镜（JWST）这样的大型可部署天基天文台来说，我们发现瞳孔对准是关键参数。除了渐晕以外，JWST的瞳孔误差还会导致波前感测过程的不确定性，该过程用于构造天文台在轨轨道。此外，它们还会打开杂散光路，从而降低某些望远镜仪器通道的科学反射率。针对这些后果，我们开发了几种用于低温真空测试的瞳孔测量技术，其中已验证了JWST科学仪器的瞳孔对准。这些方法在JWST科学仪器中使用了瞳孔对齐参考。三个科学仪器通道中的瞳孔成像镜头；光学测试设备中独特的瞳孔特征。这将使我们能够验证和交叉检验JWST科学仪器的瞳孔横向对准，使其约为瞳孔直径的1-2％。

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