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Radiation pressure and the distribution of electromagnetic force in dielectric media

机译：电介质中的辐射压力和电磁力分布

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A detailed distribution of the force of electromagnetic radiation in and around dielectric media can be obtained by a direct application of the Lorentz law of force in conjunction with Maxwell's equations. We develop a theory of the force exerted by a focused light beam on the free surface as well as within the volume of a transparent dielectric medium. Although the medium can be either solid or liquid, here we emphasize the application of the formulas to liquids since, in principle at least, surface deformations and liquid motions are measurable. Our theory predicts that, upon entering the liquid from the free space, the beam of light exerts an outward vertical force on the entrance surface that tends to produce a localized bulge. This surface force, however, is much weaker than that predicted by prevailing theories and, in contrast to current beliefs, is found to depend on the polarization state of the incident beam. Within the volume of the liquid we predict that the forces of radiation tend to create four counter-rotating vortices at the four corners of the focused spot; the sense of rotation within these vortices depends on the direction of the incident polarization. These striking departures from conventional wisdom with regard to the force of radiation arise from a revision in the form of the Lorentz law as applied to the bound charges/currents within a dielectric medium.
机译：可以通过直接应用洛伦兹力定律和麦克斯韦方程来获得介电介质中及其周围电磁辐射力的详细分布。我们发展了一种关于聚焦光束在自由表面以及透明电介质体积内施加的力的理论。尽管介质可以是固体或液体，但在这里我们强调将公式应用于液体，因为至少在原则上至少可以测量表面变形和液体运动。我们的理论预测，从自由空间进入液体后，光束会在入射表面上施加向外的垂直力，该力会产生局部凸起。然而，该表面力比现行理论所预测的要弱得多，并且与目前的看法相反，发现该表面力取决于入射光束的偏振态。在液体的体积之内，我们预测辐射力会在聚焦点的四个角处产生四个反向旋转的涡流。这些漩涡中的旋转方向取决于入射极化的方向。关于辐射力的这些与常规常识的明显不同是由于对电介质中的束缚电荷/电流进行了洛伦兹定律形式的修改。

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