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Chapter 6 A History of the Virtual Synchrony Replication Model

机译：第6章虚拟同步复制模型的历史

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In this chapter, we discuss a widely used fault-tolerant data replication model called virtual synchrony. The model responds to two kinds of needs. First, there is the practical question of how best to embed replication into distributed systems. Virtual synchrony defines dynamic process groups that have self-managed membership. Applications can join or leave groups at will: a process group is almost like a replicated variable that lives in the network. The second need relates to performance. Although state machine replication is relatively easy to understand, protocols that implement state machine replication in the standard manner are too slow to be useful in demanding settings, and are hard to deploy in very large data centers of the sort seen in today's cloud-computing environments. Virtual synchrony implementations, in contrast, are able to deliver updates at the same data rates (and with the same low latencies) as IP multicast: the fast (but unreliable) Internet multicast protocol, often supported directly by hardware. The trick that makes it possible to achieve these very high levels of performance is to hide overheads by piggybacking extra information on regular messages that carry updates. The virtual synchrony replication model has been very widely adopted, and was used in everything from air traffic control and stock market systems to data center management platforms marketed by companies like IBM and Microsoft. Moreover, in recent years, state machine protocols such as those used in support of Paxos have begun to include elements of the virtual synchrony model, such as self-managed and very dynamic membership. Our exploration of the model takes the form of a history. We start by exploring the background, and then follow evolution of the model over time.
机译：在本章中，我们讨论了一种广泛使用的称为虚拟同步的容错数据复制模型。该模型响应两种需求。首先，存在一个实际问题，即如何最好地将复制嵌入到分布式系统中。虚拟同步定义具有自我管理成员资格的动态过程组。应用程序可以随意加入或离开组：流程组几乎就像生活在网络中的复制变量一样。第二个需求与性能有关。尽管状态机复制相对容易理解，但是以标准方式实现状态机复制的协议太慢，无法在要求苛刻的设置中使用，并且很难在当今的云计算环境中看到的那种大型数据中心中进行部署。相比之下，虚拟同步实现能够以与IP多播相同的数据速率（并且具有相同的低延迟）来交付更新：快速（但不可靠）的Internet多播协议，通常由硬件直接支持。使这些性能达到很高水平的技巧是通过在带有更新的常规消息上附加更多信息来隐藏开销。虚拟同步复制模型已被广泛采用，并被用于从空中交通管制和股票市场系统到IBM和Microsoft等公司销售的数据中心管理平台的所有内容。而且，近年来，状态机协议（例如用于支持Paxos的协议）已经开始包含虚拟同步模型的元素，例如自我管理和非常动态的成员资格。我们对模型的探索采用了历史的形式。我们从探索背景开始，然后关注模型随时间的演变。

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