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From sintered iron to high performance PM steels

机译：从烧结铁到高性能PM钢

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Since low alloyed sintered steels were introduced in the market of the structural parts, we have followed the evolution of a material with poor mechanical properties and any uniformity (in the sense of reproducibility) to materials that today are produced with high reliability and performance. The working efficiency could be equivalent in many cases with the best wrought steel, and maintaining a good margin in terms of cost and competitively. In this paper a complete review of the topic is accomplished, from the early times when the first parts were made by plain iron or iron-carbon, going through the different alloying systems: Fe-Cu, Fe-P, Fe-Cu-Ni-Mo, and more recently Fe-Cr-Mo and Fe-Mn. The development in processing routes has been considered too. The main milestones in the field of new alloying systems have been: 1) the introduction of Cu in 60-70's, 2) the new complex systems with Cu-Ni-Mo in the 80's and 3) the introduction of alloying elements with high oxygen affinity (in the late 90's). Regarding the milestones in processing could be considered: 1) the development of new mixing procedures, 2) the warm compaction and high velocity compaction, 3) the improvements in sintering control and high temperature sintering. Several decades of research and innovation, acting on the processing system (mixing, pressing, sintering, post-sintering operations,...) and on the alloying system (from the earliest times with plain iron to complex systems used today), has allowed us to have a highly competitive materials, in terms of performance, and processes in terms of cost. The future is still open to new developments.
机译：自从低合金烧结钢被引入结构零件市场以来，我们一直在跟踪一种材料，该材料具有较差的机械性能，并且与当今生产的具有高可靠性和高性能的材料具有任何均一性（在可复制性方面）。在许多情况下，工作效率可以与最好的锻钢媲美，并且在成本和竞争力方面都保持较高的利润率。从最初的零件由普通铁或铁碳制成的早期开始，通过不同的合金系统：Fe-Cu，Fe-P，Fe-Cu-Ni，本文完成了对该主题的完整回顾。 -Mo，以及最近的Fe-Cr-Mo和Fe-Mn。也已经考虑了加工路线的发展。新合金系统领域的主要里程碑是：1）在60-70年代引入Cu，2）在80年代采用Cu-Ni-Mo的新型复杂系统，以及3）引入高氧合金元素亲和力（在90年代后期）。关于加工的里程碑，可以考虑：1）开发新的混合程序，2）温压和高速压实，3）烧结控制和高温烧结的改进。经过数十年的研究和创新，对加工系统（混合，压制，烧结，后烧结操作...）和合金化系统（从最早的普通铁到当今使用的复杂系统）进行了研究，就性能而言，我们要拥有高度竞争的材料，而就成本而言，我们要拥有流程。未来仍然有新的发展。

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