Recent marine casualty events in North America and abroad have riveted the attention of maritime administrations on waterway safety. Canadian authorities, who were particularly concerned by the Valdez super-tanker casualty, launched a research initiative entitled Arctic Tanker Risk Analysis (ATRA) [1] with the objectives of advancing marine risk analysis techniques and developing quantitative means of estimating risk. This five-year program dealt with an icebreaking oil-bulk-ore carrier's trade route from an oil terminal in the high Arctic islands (Bent Horn, NWT) to Montreal, Quebec.
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