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首页> 外文会议>Sensing for Agriculture and Food Quality and Safety IX >Phase Analysis for Three-Dimensional Surface Reconstruction of Apples Using Structured-Illumination Reflectance Imaging
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Phase Analysis for Three-Dimensional Surface Reconstruction of Apples Using Structured-Illumination Reflectance Imaging

机译：结构化照明反射成像技术对苹果三维表面重建的相位分析

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摘要

Three-dimensional (3-D) shape information is valuable for fruit quality evaluation. This study was aimed at developing phase analysis techniques for reconstruction of the 3-D surface of fruit from the pattern images acquired by a structured-illumination reflectance imaging (SIRI) system. Phase-shifted sinusoidal patterns, distorted by the fruit geometry, were acquired and processed through phase demodulation, phase unwrapping and other post-processing procedures to obtain phase difference maps relative to the phase of a reference plane. The phase maps were then transformed into height profiles and 3-D shapes in a world coordinate system based on phase-to-height and in-plane calibrations. A reference plane-based approach, coupled with the curve fitting technique using polynomials of order 3 or higher, was utilized for phase-to-height calibrations, which achieved superior accuracies with the root-mean-squared errors (RMSEs) of 0.027-0.033 mm for a height measurement range of 0-91 mm. The 3rd-order polynomial curve fitting technique was further tested on two reference blocks with known heights, resulting in relative errors of 3.75% and 4.16%. In-plane calibrations were performed by solving a linear system formed by a number of control points in a calibration object, which yielded a RMSE of 0.311 mm. Tests of the calibrated system for reconstructing the surface of apple samples showed that surface concavities (i.e., stem/calyx regions) could be easily discriminated from bruises from the phase difference maps, reconstructed height profiles and the 3-D shape of apples. This study has laid a foundation for using SIRI for 3-D shape measurement, and thus expanded the capability of the technique for quality evaluation of horticultural products. Further research is needed to utilize the phase analysis techniques for stem/calyx detection of apples, and optimize the phase demodulation and unwrapping algorithms for faster and more reliable detection.
机译：三维（3-D）形状信息对于水果质量评估很有价值。这项研究旨在开发相位分析技术，用于从结构化照明反射成像（SIRI）系统获取的图案图像中重建水果的3-D表面。通过相位解调，相位展开和其他后处理程序，获取并处理了因水果几何形状而变形的相移正弦波模式，并获得了相对于参考平面相位的相位差图。然后根据相位到高度和平面内校准，在世界坐标系中将相位图转换为高度轮廓和3D形状。基于参考平面的方法与使用3阶或更高阶多项式的曲线拟合技术相结合，用于相高校准，该方法以0.027-0.033的均方根误差（RMSE）获得了较高的精度高度测量范围为0-91毫米。在具有已知高度的两个参考块上进一步测试了三阶多项式曲线拟合技术，导致相对误差为3.75％和4.16％。通过求解由校准对象中多个控制点形成的线性系统来进行平面内校准，其RMSE为0.311毫米。对用于重建苹果样品表面的校准系统的测试表明，可以很容易地从相差图，重建的高度轮廓和苹果的3-D形状中将挫伤与表面凹度（即茎/花萼区域）区分开。这项研究为使用SIRI进行3D形状测量奠定了基础，从而扩展了该技术对园艺产品质量评估的能力。需要利用相位分析技术进行苹果茎/花萼检测的进一步研究，并优化相位解调和展开算法，以实现更快，更可靠的检测。

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