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Image smear noise in CCDs

机译：CCD中的图像拖影噪声

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This paper develops equations for the bias and random noise in the signal estimates from both non-frame transfer CCDs and frame transfer CCDs having overclock rows that are used to estimate and eliminate the bias due to image smear. The paper also reports on numerical experiment estimates of signal, bias, and random noise obtained from computer simulation of the charge generation, charge transfer, and signal processing steps employed with these CCDs to obtain signal estimates. The theoretical predictions of the exact equations are checked against the experimental results of the simulation and found to be in close agreement. Using the analytical formula, the magnitude of the smear bias in the signal estimate for a non frame transfer CCD is compared to the magnitude of the true minimum signal for CCD operating parameters similar to the ones in a unique Earth remote sensing application. The bias error due to smear is found to be huge, 1.3 times the magnitude of the true signal. For the same operating conditions, the total random noises are compared for this CCD and one having overclock rows to eliminate bias. The random noise of the frame transfer CCD with overclock rows is only 1 electron greater than the random noise of the non frame transfer CCD. Thus, using the frame transfer CCD with overclock rows to eliminate bias, the additional random noise error incurred is minimal compared to the error from the eliminated bias.
机译：本文针对非帧传输CCD和具有超频行的帧传输CCD的信号估计中的偏差和随机噪声建立了方程，用于估计和消除由于图像拖影引起的偏差。本文还报告了通过对电荷产生，电荷转移和这些CCD所采用的信号处理步骤进行计算机仿真得到的信号，偏置和随机噪声的数值实验估计值。将精确方程的理论预测与仿真的实验结果进行对比，发现结果非常吻合。使用解析公式，将无帧传输CCD信号估计中的拖尾偏差的大小与CCD操作参数的真实最小信号的大小进行比较，类似于在独特的地球遥感应用中的工作参数。发现由于拖影引起的偏置误差很大，是真实信号幅度的1.3倍。在相同的工作条件下，将对此CCD和具有超频行的CCD的总随机噪声进行比较，以消除偏差。具有超频行的帧传输CCD的随机噪声仅比非帧传输CCD的随机噪声大1个电子。因此，使用具有超频行的帧传输CCD消除偏置，与消除偏置产生的误差相比，所产生的额外随机噪声误差最小。

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