Abstract: Objective: The application of an electronic slide and a software simulated virtual microscope can contribute to a more efficient, convenient histological analysis. These techniques would also support the automation of histological analysis and three dimensional reconstruction of histological objects. Study Design: A fully computer controlled microscope (Axioplan 2 MOT), video camera (Grundig FAC 830) and an Intel Pentium II based PC were used for the development of the electronic slide. The applied frame grabber had 640 $MUL 560 resolution, 64 kb color depth. A program was developed, called Pyramid, for the scanning of an entire slide. Autofocusing, image reduction and frame joining algorithms were implemented in the virtual microscope application. Results: The autofocusing and digitization of one image segment (400$MUL magnification, 0,0725 mm$+2$/) took 8 seconds. The harddisk volume of one frame is between 60 and 100 kilobytes (kb) after JPEG compression. The overall harddisk place for a gastric biopsy is around 130 - 150 megabytes. The Pyramid program contains routines for electronic evaluation of the slide. The major microscopic functions are implemented: moving in any free directions in discrete or continuous steps, magnifications on a discrete scale (400, 200, 100$MUL@), and in continuous scale. Up to 1o notes can be placed on any place of the slide and can be retrieved within a second. The program can be used in local area networks for slide evaluations. Conclusions: The scanning speed is now too low for routine application, however with further developments in data storage and imaging technology, the electronic slide and the virtual microscope can be alternative techniques in the computerization of the histology laboratory. After the scanning of consecutive sections and a mathematical matching procedure supracellular organizations from gastric biopsies were reconstructed giving new insight into tumor growth. !15
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机译：摘要：目的：电子载玻片和软件模拟的虚拟显微镜的应用可有助于更有效，更方便的组织学分析。这些技术还将支持组织学分析的自动化和组织学对象的三维重建。研究设计：完全计算机控制的显微镜（Axioplan 2 MOT），摄像机（Grundig FAC 830）和基于Intel Pentium II的PC用于开发电子幻灯片。所应用的图像采集卡的分辨率为640 $ MUL 560，色深为64 kb。开发了一个名为Pyramid的程序，用于扫描整个幻灯片。在虚拟显微镜应用程序中实现了自动对焦，图像缩小和镜框连接算法。结果：一个图像片段的自动对焦和数字化（400 $ MUL放大倍率，0.02525 mm $ + 2 $ /）花费了8秒钟。 JPEG压缩后，一帧的硬盘容量在60到100 KB之间。胃活检的整个硬盘空间约为130-150兆字节。金字塔程序包含用于电子评估幻灯片的例程。主要的微观功能是实现的：以离散或连续的步骤在任何自由方向上移动，以离散的比例（400、200、100 $ MUL @）和连续的比例进行放大。最多可以将1o个音符放置在幻灯片的任何位置，并且可以在一秒钟内找回。该程序可以在局域网中用于幻灯片评估。结论：扫描速度对于常规应用而言太低了，但是随着数据存储和成像技术的进一步发展，电子切片和虚拟显微镜可以作为组织学实验室计算机化的替代技术。经过连续切片的扫描和数学匹配程序后，从胃活检组织中重建了超细胞组织，从而为肿瘤生长提供了新的见识。 ！15
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