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首页> 外文会议>Workshop on Better Integration of Radiation Protection in Modern Society Jan 23-25, 2001 Villigen, Switzerland >FROM RISK PERCEPTION TO SOCIAL TRUST: AN OUTLINE OF RECENT CONTRIBUTIONS OF PSYCHOLOGY TO RISK MANAGEMENT
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FROM RISK PERCEPTION TO SOCIAL TRUST: AN OUTLINE OF RECENT CONTRIBUTIONS OF PSYCHOLOGY TO RISK MANAGEMENT

机译：从风险感知到社会信任：近期心理学对风险管理的贡献概述

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As with many developing areas of inquiry, the psychology of risk management has progressed from an initial focus on proximal effects to an exploration of more stable distal factors, from risk perception to social trust. Risk perception is concerned with disruptions in the relations between individuals and their physical environments, specifically with the varying negative effects experienced by individuals. These effects have been found to be socially constructed, with systematic variations among groups (e.g., layperson and experts; among various groups of experts; men and women; those with economic interests and those without; etc.). The focus of risk perception research has shifted over time: from the likelihood of specific health effects; to the likelihood of a wide range of effects, including emotional effects, varying with context; and, finally, to general emotional effects, positive and negative affect. This shift can be seen to be from cognitive/rational to affective; from expert/technical to public. The second stage of inquiry moved away from the surface effects of risk perception to the study of confidence. Confidence is concerned with constancy, the underlying, not directly experienced order of the relations between individuals and their social/physical environments. Disruptions in confidence lead to concern with risk. Initially, confidence was said to be based on past performance and systems of control, objectively defined; the appropriate response to disruptions was risk communication, the provision of correct information. Failures in risk communication indicated that confidence must be based on subjective judgements of past performance and systems of control. The third, and present, stage of inquiry moved back from confidence, and from the physical environment, to the study of social trust. Social trust is concerned with the relations between individuals within social groups. Individuals tend to trust others whom they judge to be similar to themselves in salient ways, i.e., whom they take to be members of their group. Disruptions in confidence lead to concerns with social trust. Recent progress in understanding social trust has been made possible by its clear differentiation from, as well as integration with, confidence. Social trust is based on information that has moral, or value, implications for individuals; confidence is based on judged performance. Social trust affects confidence by conditioning ("biasing") judged performance. Thus, social trust is of primary importance to risk management. Co-operation is driven by social trust, and social trust is based on common group membership. The inclusive redefinition of group boundaries is therefore the key to creating co-operation, successful risk management.
机译：与许多发展中的探究领域一样，风险管理心理学已从最初关注近端效应发展为探索更稳定的远端因素，从风险感知到社会信任。风险感知与个人及其自然环境之间关系的中断有关，特别是与个人经历的各种负面影响有关。已经发现这些影响是社会建构的，各群体之间有系统的差异（例如，外行和专家；各专家群体之间；男人和女人；有经济利益的人和没有经济利益的人；等等）。风险感知研究的重点已随着时间而转移：从特定健康影响的可能性；可能会随着环境的变化而产生多种影响，包括情感影响；最后，对于一般的情感影响，正面和负面的影响。可以看出这种转变是从认知/理性到情感的转变。从专家/技术到公众。调查的第二阶段从风险感知的表面效应转移到信心研究。信心与持续性有关，持续性是个体与其社会/身体环境之间关系的潜在而非直接经历的顺序。破坏信心会引起风险。最初，人们说信心是建立在过去的绩效和客观定义的控制系统的基础上的；应对风险的适当应对措施是风险沟通，提供正确的信息。风险交流失败表明信心必须基于对过去绩效和控制系统的主观判断。探究的第三个阶段，即当前阶段，从信心和自然环境回到了对社会信任的研究。社会信任关系到社会群体中个人之间的关系。个人倾向于信任他们认为与自己非常相似的其他人，即他们认为自己是该小组的成员。破坏信任会引起对社会信任的担忧。信任与信任的明显区别和融合，使得人们对社会信任的理解有了新的进展。社会信任基于对个人具有道德或价值影响的信息；置信度基于判断的表现。社会信任通过调节（“偏见”）判断的表现来影响信心。因此，社会信任对于风险管理至关重要。合作是由社会信任驱动的，而社会信任则基于共同的团体成员身份。因此，包容性重新定义组边界是建立合作，成功进行风险管理的关键。

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