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基于等离子体聚合技术构建多功能心血管植入材料表面及其生物相容性研究

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目录

声明

摘要

Abstract

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Current Status of Research and Application in Vascular Stents

1.1.1 Bare metal stents

1.1.2 Drug eluting stents

1.1.3 Biodegradable stents

1.1.4 EPC-capture stents

1.1.5 Time sequence functional stents

1.2 Surface Modification of Cardiovascular Materials and Implants

1.2.1 Blood-biomaterialinterfacial events and interaction mechanism

1.2.2 Surface modification for improving hemocompatibility

1.2.3 Biomimic endothelialization promoted surface modification

1.3 Research Progress of Plasma Polymerization in Biomedical Materials

1.3.1 A brief introduction of plasma and plasma polymerization

1.3.2 Altemative deposition of different functional groups

1.3.3 Plasma polymerization surface modification for biomedical materials

1.4 Significance and Objectives,Dissertation Layout and Technical route

1.4.1 Significance and objectives of research

1.4.2 Dissertation layout

1.4.3 Technical route

Chapter 2 Multifunctional Plasma Polymerized Film:Towards Better Anticorrosion Property,Enhanced Cellular Growth Ability,and Attenuated Inflammatory Responses

2.1 Abstract

2.2 Introduction

2.3 Experimental Section

2.3.1 Chemicals and reagents

2.3.2 Preparation of plasma polymerized films

2.3.3 Surface characterization

2.3.4 Quantification of amine groups by acid orange Ⅱ

2.3.5 Electrochemical corrosion tests

2.3.6 Protein adsorption via micro-BCA assays and QCM-D measurement

2.3.7 In vitro cellular responses

2.3.8 Anti-inflammatory effects

2.3.9 In vivo animal tests

2.3.10 Statistical analysis

2.4 Results

2.4.1 Surface characterization

2.4.2 Electrochemical corrosion measurements

2.4.3 Protein adsorption

2.4.4 Cell Morphology,adhesion and viability

2.4.5 Macrophage response and cytokine release

2.4.6 In vivo animal study

2.5 Discussion

2.6 Conclusion

Chapter 3 Improvement of Corrosion Resistance and Biocompatibility of BiodegradabIe Metallic Vascular Stent via Plasma Allylamine Polymerized Coating

3.1 Abstract

3.2 Introduction

3.3 Experimental Section

3.3.1 Chemicals and reagents

3.3.2 Preparation of plasma polymerized films

3.3.3 Surface characterization of PPAam coated MgZnMn and Fe samples

3.3.4 Electrochemical tests and analysis of corrosion products

3.3.5 ECs responses in direct culture with biodegradable coated metals

3.3.6 Morphology examination and balloon expansion tests

3.4 Results and Discussion

3.4.1 Physico-chemical properties of PPAam coated MgZnMn and Fe

3.4.2 Electrochemical corrosion behavior and analysis of corrosion products

3.4.3 Adhesion and proliferation of ECs

3.4.5 Morphology examination and balloon expansion tests

3.5 Conclusions

Chapter 4 Immobilization of DNA Aptamers via Plasma Polymerized Allylamine Film to Construct an Endothelial Progenitor Cell-Capture Surface

4.1 Abstract

4.2 Introduction

4.3 Experimental and Section

4.3.1 Chemicals and reagents

4.3.2 Preparation of plasma polymerized films

4.3.3 Immobilization of the EPC-aptamer

4.3.4 Surface characterization

4.3.5 QCM-D real time monitoring of aptamer immobilization

4.3.6 Platelet adhesion and morphology

4.3.7 Cellisolation.culture and identification

4.3.8 Cell capture and proliferation behavior

4.3.9 Competitive adhesion of EPC/EC and EPC/SMC via co-culture

4.3.10 Statistical analysis

4.4 Results and Discussion

4.4.1 Surface morphology roughness and wettability

4.4.2 Chemical surface compositions and quantitative characteristics

4.4.3 Platelet adhesion and morphology

4.4.4 Selective cell attachment and proliferation

4.5 Conclusion

Chapter 5 In-situ Release of Nitric Oxide Combined Heparinized Plasma Polymerized Allylamine Films for Constructing Multifunctional Hemocompatible Surface and Accelerating Endothelialization

5.1 Abstract

5.2 Introduction

5.3 Experimental Section

5.3.1 Chemicals and reagents

5.3.2 Preparation of plasma polymerized films

5.3.3 Sequential immobilization of heparin and SeCA

5.3.4 Quantification of amine groups

5.3.5 Analysis of chemical structure and compositions

5.3.6 QCM-D real time monitoring of sequential immobilization process

5.3.7 Catalytic release of NO behavior

5.3.8 cGMP analysis.anti-Xa assays and whole blood culture

5.3.9 ECs,SMCs and EPCs culture

5.3.10 Adhesion and proliferation of ECs,SMCs and EPCs

5.3.11 Effect of NO on mobilization of EPCs via transwell plate

5.3.12 Competitive adhesion of EC/SMC and EPC/SMC via co-culture

5.3.12 Statistical analysis

5.4 Results and Discussion

5.4.1 Sequential coimmobilization of heparin and SeCA on PPAam coating

5.4.2 Dynamic detection of NO release from PPAam-Hep-SeCA surface

5.4.3 cGMP analysis,anti-Xa assay and whole blood culture tests

5.4.4 Synergistic effects of heparin and NO on vascular cell growth behavior

5.5 Conclusion

Chapter 6 Summary and Future Research

6.1 Summary of Thesis

6.2 Limitation of Current Research

6.3 Recommendation for Future Research

Acknowlegements

References

Abbreviation List

Scientific achievements

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摘要

心血管疾病是目前导致人类死亡的首要因素。目前,治疗心血管疾病的主要手段有药物治疗、冠状动脉搭桥术和介入治疗等。其中,基于血管支架的介入治疗由于其具有创伤小、立竿见影的疗效等优点已经成为治疗重症冠心病患者最为常用的临床手段之一。在过去的30多年里,研究者采用了多种表面改性技术来提高血管支架的生物相容性,血管支架也经历了多次的更新换代:从最早的经皮球囊成形术到裸金属支架的应用,到2000年后获得革命性突破的药物洗脱支架,再到现在逐渐发展为内皮祖细胞捕获支架,全降解金属支架、全降解高分子支架、仿生内皮功能支架百家争鸣的态势。
  等离子体聚合是本世纪60年代才发展起来的一种新的制备高分子聚合膜的技术,它是利用放电把有机类气态单体等离子体化,使其产生各类活性种,由这些活性种之间或活性种与单体之间进行加成反应形成聚合膜。该类薄膜的优势在于几乎能在所有固体材料(聚合物、玻璃、金属、陶瓷等)表面沉膜,合成的薄膜含有丰富的官能团,柔韧性好,与基底之间的结合力较好,能够抵御大的变形。尤其是针对血管支架这种经过撑开过程而服役的植入器械而言,具有较大的优势。
  为了进一步加强对等离子聚合涂层组成、结构、功能调控等方面的认识,本论文首先通过引入烯丙胺、氮气(从3 sccm~6 sccm)作为辅助气体沉积富胺基涂层。通过红外、X射线光电子能谱、扫描电镜、原子力显微镜、接触角、椭偏仪等方法表征涂层的化学组成和表面形貌。利用电化学工作站评价改性后的涂层的耐腐蚀性情况。通过内皮细胞、成骨细胞、巨噬细胞种植实验,评价改性前后材料的细胞相容性和组织相容性。结果表明在5 sccm氮气流量下,聚合涂层具有最高的胺基浓度,并且该涂层通过增加蛋白吸附进而促进内皮细胞和成骨细胞的粘附、铺展、增殖,通过影响TNF-α和IL-6分泌进而介导抑制巨噬细胞的粘附和激活。
  在此基础上,本文开展了在可降解基底材料(镁锌锰合金,纯铁)上沉积富胺基涂层并进行耐腐蚀评价和生物学评价。实验结果表明该涂层可以提高材料的耐腐蚀性能,同时表面的胺基进一步提高了材料的生物相容性。支架撑开实验证实了该聚合涂层优异的力学性能及其在全降解金属血管支架应用上的可行性。因此利用等离子体技术可以制备较为致密的等离子体聚合涂层,涂层制备过程具有一步沉积、无溶剂沉积的优势,特别适合可降解血管支架材料的表面修饰。
  为了探索将等离子体聚合技术应用于内皮祖细胞捕获支架的制备技术,本文进一步利用等离子聚烯丙胺的电负性固定可以与内皮祖细胞特异性结合的DNA适配子。石英晶体微天平的监测结果表明DNA适配子的稳定固定量高达175 ng/cm2。细胞结果证实改性后的薄膜展现了与内皮祖细胞特异性结合的能力。同时改性后表面适宜内皮细胞的生长而不促进平滑肌细胞的增生。但是血液评价的结果表明,该支架表面的抗凝血性不佳,需要进一步修饰抗凝分子。
  健康的心血管内皮层可依靠其细胞膜上的抗凝分子、内皮细胞内持续不断释放的一氧化氮(NO)以及分泌的前列环素等活性因子发挥维持血液微环境稳态的协同作用。因此本论文提出了依据仿生天然血管内皮细胞生理功能的理念,固定天然内皮细胞细胞外基质成分之一的肝素,以及可以持续、稳定催化释放NO的“肝素-NO催化双功能”涂层。基于前期研究,我们利用等离子聚烯丙胺涂层为平台,通过碳二亚胺反应逐步固定肝素和具有催化NO释放活性的硒代胱胺。体外结果说明该内皮仿生涂层具有抗凝、抑制平滑肌增生、加强内皮祖细胞迁移、生长等方面的功能,展现了其在预防动脉粥样硬化、自由基清除、心血管组织工程修复等研究领域的潜在优势。
  综上,本研究的主要目的是基于等离子聚烯丙胺薄膜构建多种血管支架表面改性层,并对改性前后的表面进行相关功能评价,以期更好的认识、比较不同概念型支架(本文中为裸金属支架、可降解金属支架、内皮祖细胞捕获支架、内皮仿生功能支架)在体外的生物相容性,探索其应用在临床上所面临的问题。为心血管材料表面生物微环境的合理构建提供了重要数据支持,也为新一代多功能心血管支架的表面设计提供了新思路。

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