List Of Abbreviations
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Background and Significance
1.2Purpose of the Study
1.3Objectives of the Study
1.4Research Question
1.5Literature Review
1.5.1Contextual Definition of Empowerment
1.5.2Contextual Definition of Organizational Empowerment
1.5.3Relationships of Organizational Empowerment with Other Constructs
1.5.4Contextual Definition of Psychological Empowerment
1.5.5Relationships of Psychological Empowerment with Other Constructs
1.5.6Contextual Definition of Organizational Trust
1.5.7Relationships of Organizational Trust with other constructs
1.5.8Contextual Definition of Psychological Hardiness
1.5.9Relationships of Psychological Hardiness with Other Constructs
1.5.10Contextual Definition of Work Effort
1.5.11Relationships of Work Efforts with Other Constructs
1.5.12Contextual Definition of Career Success
1.5.13Relationships of Career Success with Other Constructs
1.5.14Cultural Differencesacross Nationsand Organizational Implications
1.6Gap in Literature
Chapter 2 Theoretical Background and Hypotheses
2.1Kanter’s theory of structural empowerment
2.1.1 Power
2.1.2Systematic Power Factors (Formal and Informal)
2.1.3Access to Empowerment Structures
2.1.4Impact of Empowerment Structures on Individuals and Organizations
2.1.5Relevance and Application of Kanter’s Theory to the Current Study
2.2Research hypothesis
2.2.1Organizational and Psychological Empowerment
2.2.2Empowerment and Trust
2.2.3Psychological Hardiness Effected by Empowerment and Trust
2.2.4Work Effort Effected by Empowerment and Trust
2.2.5Psychological Empowerment and Career Success
2.2.6Psychological Hardiness and Career Success
2.2.7Work Effort and Career Success
2.2.8Mediating role of Psychological Hardiness and Work Effort
2.3The Conceptual Framework
2.4 Summary
Chapter 3 Methodology
3.1 Research Philosophy
3.2Research Approach
3.3Time Horizon
3.4Sampling Procedures
3.4.1Participants from China
3.4.2Participants from Pakistan
3.5Measurement Scales, Validity and Reliability
3.5.1Organizational Empowerment
3.5.2Psychological Empowerment
3.5.3Organizational Trust
3.5.4Psychological Hardiness
3.5.5Work Effort
3.5.6Subjective Career Success
3.6Testing the Measurement Model for Chinese Sample
3.6.1Confirmatory Factor Analyses for Overall Measurement Model (China)
3.6.3Validity and Reliability of the Constructs (China)
3.6.4Testing for Common Method Bias Constructs (China)
3.7Testing the Measurement Model for Pakistani Sample
3.7.1Confirmatory Factor Analyses (Pakistan)
3.7.2Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Individual Constructs (Pakistan)
3.7.3Validity and Reliability of the Constructs (Pakistan)
3.7.4Testing for Common Method Bias (Pakistan)
3.8 Summary
Chapter 4 Direct Relationships Among Variables and The Moderating Role of Trust
4.1Direct and Total Effects for China
4.1.1Direct and Total Effects of Organizational Empowerment (China)
4.1.2Direct and Total Effects of Trust (China)
4.1.3Direct and Total Effects of Psychological Empowerment (China)
4.1.4Direct and Total Effects of Psychological Hardiness (China)
4.1.5Direct and Total Effectsof Work Efforts (China)
4.2Moderating Effects of Trust on Direct Relationships (China)
4.2.1Moderating Effect of Trust on the Direct Relation between Organizational Empowerment and Psychological Empowerment (China)
4.2.2Moderating Effect of Trust on the Direct Relation between Organizational Empowerment and Psychological Hardiness (China)
4.2.3Moderating Effect of Trust on the Direct Relation Between Organizational Empowerment and Work Effort (China)
4.3Direct and Total Effects for Pakistan
4.3.1Direct and Total Effects of Organizational Empowerment (Pakistan)
4.3.2Direct and Total Effects of Trust (Pakistan)
4.3.3Direct and Total Effects of Psychological Empowerment (Pakistan)
4.3.4Directand Total Effects of Psychological Hardiness (Pakistan)
4.3.5Directand Total Effects of Work Efforts (Pakistan)
4.4Moderating Effects of Trust on the Direct Relationships (Pakistan)
4.4.1Moderating Effect of Trust on the Direct Relation between Organizational Empowerment and Psychological Empowerment (Pakistan)
4.4.2Moderating Effect of Trust on the Direct Relation between Organizational Empowerment and Psychological Hardiness (Pakistan)
4.4.3Moderating Effect of Trust on The Direct Relation Between Organizational Empowerment and Work Effort (Pakistan)
4.5 Summary
Chapter 5 Mediating and Conditional Indirect Relationships Among Variables
5.1Mediating and Conditional Indirect Effects for China
5.1.1Mediating Role of Psychological Empowerment between Organizational Empowerment and Psychological Hardiness (China)
5.1.2Conditional Indirect Effects (Moderated Mediation) Of Organizational Empowerment on Psychological Hardiness (China)
5.1.3Mediating Role of Psychological Empowerment Between Trust and Psychological Hardiness (China)
5.1.4Mediating Role of Psychological Empowerment between Organizational Empowerment and Work Effort (China)
5.1.5Conditional Indirect Effects (Moderated Mediation) Of Organizational Empowerment on Work Efforts (China)
5.1.6Mediating Role of Psychological Empowerment on the Relationbetween Trust and Work Effort (China)
5.1.7Combined Mediating Role of Psychological Hardiness and Work Efforts between Psychological Empowerment and Career Success (China)
5.2Mediating and Conditional Indirect Effects for Pakistan
5.2.1Mediating Role of Psychological Empowerment Between Organizational Empowerment and Psychological Hardiness (Pakistan)
5.2.2Conditional Indirect Effects (Moderated Mediation) Of Organizational Empowerment on Psychological Hardiness (Pakistan)
5.2.3Mediating Role of Psychological Empowerment between Trust and Psychological Hardiness (Pakistan)
5.2.4Mediating Role of Psychological Empowerment between Organizational Empowerment and Work Effort (Pakistan)
5.2.5Conditional Indirect Effects (Moderated Mediation) Of Organizational Empowerment on Work Efforts (Pakistan)
5.2.6Mediating Role of Psychological Empowerment on The Relation Between Trust and Work Effort (Pakistan)
5.2.7Combined Mediating Role of Psychological Hardiness and Work Efforts between Psychological Empowerment and Career Success (Pakistan)
5.3 Summary
Chapter 6 Differences Between China and Pakistan
6.1 Mean Difference between China and Pakistan
6.2Difference of Relationships (Structural Paths) among Variables between China and Pakistan
6.2.1Comparing the Effect of Organizational Empowerment on Psychological Empowerment between China and Pakistan
6.2.2Comparing the Effect of Truston Psychological Empowerment between China and Pakistan
6.2.3Comparing the Effect of Organizational Empowerment on Psychological Hardiness between China and Pakistan
6.2.4Comparing the Effect of Psychological Empowerment on Psychological Hardiness between China and Pakistan
6.2.5Comparing the Effect of Truston Psychological Hardiness between China and Pakistan
6.2.6Comparing the Effect of Organizational Empowerment on Work Effort between China and Pakistan
6.2.7Comparing the Effect of Psychological Empowerment on Work Effort between China and Pakistan
6.2.8Comparing the Effect of Truston Work Effort between China and Pakistan
6.2.9Comparing the Effect of Organizational Empowerment on Career Success between China and Pakistan
6.2.10Comparing the Effect of Psychological Empowerment on Career Success between China and Pakistan
6.2.11Comparing the Effect of Truston Career Success between China and Pakistan
6.2.12Comparing the Effect of Psychological Hardiness on Career Success between China and Pakistan
6.2.13Comparing the Effect of Work Efforts on Career Success between China and Pakistan
6.3Gender Differences within China and Pakistan
6.3.1Gender Differences within China
6.3.2Gender Differences within Pakistan
6.4Organizational Differences within China and Pakistan
6.4.1Organizational Differences within China
6.4.2Organizational Differences within Pakistan
6.5 Summary
Chapter 7 Discussion
7.1Contribution to Theory of Empowerment
7.2Further Theoretical and Empirical Contributions to The Body of Knowledge
7.2.1Differentiation between the two Levels of Empowerment
7.2.2The Strengthening Role of Trust
7.2.3A Different Perspective on Psychological Hardiness
7.2.4Direct,Mediated and Moderated Effects on Psychological Hardiness as Desired Organizational Outcome
7.2.5Direct,Mediated and Moderated Effects on Work Efforts as Desired Organizational Outcome
7.2.6Direct and Mediated Effects on Subjective Career Success as a Desired Individual and Organizational Outcome
7.3Discussion on Differences between China and Pakistan
7.3.1Exploring the Mean Differences among the Variables for China and Pakistan
7.3.2Exploring the Differences among the Path Coefficients for China and Pakistan
7.3.3Exploring the how Chinese and Pakistani Cultures Treat Genders Differently
7.3.4Exploring Organizational Differences
7.3.5Potential Reasons for Cultural Differences between China and Pakistan
7.4Implications and Policy Recommendations
Conclusion
结论
参考文献
Appendix
List of Publications
声明
致谢
Resume
