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From paper parks to real conservation: Case studies of national park management effectiveness in Brazil.

机译：从纸公园到真正的保护：巴西国家公园管理有效性的案例研究。

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Protected areas are created as strategy to preserve natural resources. However, their sole creation does not lead to resource protection. Practitioners and academics describe the "paper parks" phenomenon in which, by legislation, areas are assigned for protection but receive little or no resources for implementation. These areas face serious problems, such as threats to natural resource and loss of opportunities for education, research and recreation. In Brazil, "paper parks" are very common.; This dissertation had two phases of empirical research. First, a Delphi study was used to select cases and to identify characteristics considered by 33 panel experts as important to effective management of Brazilian national parks. Second, case studies were conducted in three Brazilian national parks, using in-depth interviews and observations. After data were analyzed, findings across phases were compared using a synthesis of four widely-used frameworks for evaluation of protected area management effectiveness.; Findings indicate that the three study parks have moved and continue to move in the direction of more effective management over time. Factors of parks' success included building resources, leadership, teamwork, and organizational culture; they contributed to building parks' capacity to manage. Parks' internal organization was a very important component of parks' capacity. A major driving force in building parks' capacity was the presence of leadership capable of optimizing opportunities, generating innovative solutions to bypass barriers, and instilling a professional and dynamic culture among staff within a culture that was traditionally bureaucratic and highly political. In other words, the parks' leaders and team were critical in orchestrating the activities that lead to building community relations, partnerships and infrastructure and to maneuvering around politics, bureaucracy and shortages in funding and staffing.; Findings support that the factors of success represented building blocks for improved "capacity to manage," and that building capacity to manage required a "process" that varied across parks given their particularities and their contexts. These findings contribute important insight for understanding that "effective management" is not an either/or variable, but rather it is a gradual "process;" they contribute to the on-going debates regarding the meaning of effective park management and methodologies for evaluating management effectiveness.
机译：建立保护区是保护自然资源的战略。但是，它们的唯一创建不会导致资源保护。从业者和学者描述了“纸公园”现象，在该现象中，根据立法，指定了保护区域，但很少或根本没有实施资源。这些地区面临着严重的问题，例如对自然资源的威胁以及教育，研究和娱乐机会的丧失。在巴西，“纸公园”很常见。本文的研究分为两个阶段。首先，德尔菲研究用于选择案例并确定33位专家小组认为对巴西国家公园的有效管理至关重要的特征。其次，通过深入的访谈和观察，在巴西的三个国家公园进行了案例研究。在对数据进行分析之后，使用四个广泛使用的框架进行综合比较，比较各个阶段的发现，以评估保护区管理的有效性。调查结果表明，这三个研究园区已朝着更有效的管理方向发展，并随着时间的推移而不断发展。公园成功的因素包括建筑资源，领导才能，团队合作和组织文化。他们为建设公园的管理能力做出了贡献。公园的内部组织是公园容量的重要组成部分。建设公园能力的主要推动力是领导者的存在，他们能够优化机会，产生创新的解决方案来绕过障碍，并在传统上是官僚和高度政治化的文化中灌输员工的专业和充满活力的文化。换句话说，公园的领导者和团队在协调导致建立社区关系，伙伴关系和基础设施以及围绕政治，官僚主义和资金和人员短缺的活动方面进行的活动至关重要。研究结果表明，成功因素代表着提高“管理能力”的基础，而管理能力的建设则需要一个“过程”，这要因公园的特殊性和环境而异。这些发现为理解“有效管理”不是一个/或一个变量，而是一个渐进的“过程”提供了重要的见解。他们为正在进行的有关有效公园管理的含义和评估管理有效性的方法的辩论做出了贡献。

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