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Near roadway air quality: Meta-analysis and mitigation.

机译：巷道附近空气质量：荟萃分析和缓解。

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Interest in the roadside environment has been steadily increasing since the late 1970s, driven by possible links between poor air quality near heavily traveled roads and health outcomes in exposed individuals. Substantial generators of local traffic, such as marine terminals can bring the additional problems of noise and decreased pedestrian safety and accessibility to streets lined with schools and homes.;This thesis has two aims: to synthesize the knowledge on observed air pollution concentrations near roadways, and to assess the air quality effects of a local diesel truck traffic mitigation project while providing an overview of its planning. Each is addressed in its own part.;The first presents the results of a meta-analysis of observed near roadway air pollution concentrations. In total, 34 studies were identified from which 572 pollutant concentrations and their associated distances from the road were extracted. Normalization was necessary to increase data commensurability. Using the edge of road concentration to normalize grouped observations more closely than using the background concentration, but the results of two statistical analyses (local regression and analysis of variance) performed on both datasets showed broadly consistent results: carbon monoxide, elemental carbon and surrogates, metal deposition, oxides of nitrogen, non-alkane hydrocarbons, and ultrafine particle number are consistently elevated, reaching between 1.7--20 times above background at the edge of road, depending on pollutant and normalization method. Most pollutants decay to background by 150 m from the edge of road.;The second part examined a series of measures to mitigate local diesel truck impacts at two port facilities while improving traffic operations in the communities of Barrio Logan, San Diego and Old Town, National City, both low-income communities of color. This subject moved the thesis beyond an exclusive focus on air quality and provided the first documentation of the unique process and solutions which emerged following the collaboration of all major stakeholders. Local truck impacts and heavily mixed land uses provided the impetus for the mitigation which resulted in a permanent rerouting of all trucks over five tons to roads outside of the communities. Previous assessments of the project described the extent to which mitigation strategies are expected to improve traffic operations or claimed air quality improvements without carrying out an emissions analysis. We performed a local-scale analysis of the effects of traffic volume and speed changes on diesel particulate matter (DPM) emissions in Barrio Logan. We find that, while the mitigation did not result in improved regional air quality, it did significantly improve local air quality in the primary affected corridor, resulting in a 99 percent reduction in DPM emissions, and an 87 percent reduction in diesel truck vehicle miles traveled.
机译：自1970年代后期以来，对路边环境的兴趣一直在稳步增长，这是由于在行人密集的道路附近空气质量差与暴露人群的健康状况之间可能存在联系。大量的本地交通产生者，例如海上候机楼，会带来额外的噪音问题，并降低行人安全性以及通向学校和房屋两旁的街道的通行能力。本论文的目的是两个：综合关于在道路附近观察到的空气污染浓度的知识，并评估当地柴油卡车交通缓解项目对空气质量的影响，同时概述其计划。每种方法都有其自己的部分。第一部分是对附近道路空气污染浓度的荟萃分析结果。总共确定了34个研究，从中提取了572个污染物浓度及其与道路的相关距离。规范化对于提高数据可比性是必要的。与背景浓度相比，使用道路边缘浓度对分组观测值进行更规范的归一化，但是对两个数据集进行的两个统计分析（局部回归和方差分析）的结果显示出大致一致的结果：一氧化碳，元素碳和替代物，金属沉积，氮的氧化物，非烷烃和超细颗粒的数量不断增加，取决于污染物和归一化方法，达到道路边缘背景的1.7至-20倍。大多数污染物会在距离道路边缘150 m处衰减到背景。第二部分研究了一系列措施，以减轻两个港口设施对当地柴油卡车的影响，同时改善Barrio Logan，圣地亚哥和旧城区社区的交通运营，国家城市，都是低收入社区的有色人种。该主题使论文超出了对空气质量的专门关注，并提供了与所有主要利益相关者合作后出现的独特过程和解决方案的第一份文档。当地卡车的影响和严重混合的土地使用为缓解措施提供了动力，导致所有超过5吨的卡车永久改道到社区外的道路。该项目以前的评估描述了缓解策略有望在不进行排放分析的情况下改善交通运营或声称改善空气质量的程度。我们对巴里奥洛根（Barrio Logan）的交通量和速度变化对柴油颗粒物（DPM）排放的影响进行了局部分析。我们发现，虽然缓解措施并未改善区域空气质量，但确实显着改善了主要受影响走廊的当地空气质量，使DPM排放量减少了99％，柴油卡车行驶里程减少了87％。 。

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