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Defining the limits and scope of the national treatment obligation in the GATT: A law and economics approach.

机译：在关贸总协定中确定国民待遇义务的范围和范围：法律和经济学方法。

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摘要

The national treatment obligation embodied in Article III of the GATT prohibits the application of internal tax and other regulatory measures so as to afford protection to domestic products. Regional trading regimes, such as European Union, and countries with federal system of governance, such as the United States, also have legal norms aimed at preventing their constituent states from imposing similar taxes or regulations. Because of its potential reach to virtually all governmental policies, the precise limits and scope of the national treatment obligation, particularly in situations where tax or regulatory measures make distinctions between products on the basis of certain characteristics other than origin and accord different treatment to each of them with a more burdensome impact on imported products than on domestic products, has been a matter of intense debate among legal scholars.;This thesis attempts to contribute to the debate as to the clarity and predictability of the limits and scope of the national treatment obligation under the GATT. It does so firstly by proposing a tightly-structured economic approach, drawn largely on analytical frameworks used in anti-trust contexts particularly in defining relevant markets and determining anti-competitive exclusions, to interpreting the provisions of Article III of the GATT and the underlying concepts of product likeness and less favorable tax or regulatory treatment. The proposed approach suggests that an internal tax or regulation applied to domestic and imported products should be considered to have afforded protection to domestic production if the imported and domestic products in question have a substantial competitive relationship between them and if a tax or regulatory measure modifies the equality of competitive conditions for imported and domestic products to the competitive advantage of domestic products. Second, the thesis examines, from the perspectives of predictability and clarity, the basic premises of the analytical frameworks followed by the GATT/WTO dispute settlement bodies, the European Court of Justice and the Supreme Court of the United States to determining the legitimacy of a contested tax or regulation under the legal norms aimed at preventing the protective application of internal taxation or regulation. Third, it analyses the alternative tests suggested by various legal scholars and the normative and practical advantages and problems associated with them. Finally, it also evaluates the limitations and policy implications of the economic approach proposed in this thesis.
机译：关贸总协定第三条所体现的国民待遇义务禁止使用国内税和其他监管措施，以便为国内产品提供保护。诸如欧盟这样的区域贸易体制，以及诸如美国这样具有联邦治理制度的国家，也都具有旨在防止其组成国征收类似税收或法规的法律规范。由于其可能影响到几乎所有政府政策，因此国民待遇义务的确切限制和范围特别是在税收或监管措施根据产地以外的某些特征对产品进行区分并对每种商品给予不同待遇的情况下它们对进口产品的影响要大于对国内产品的负担，这一直是法学学者之间激烈的辩论。；本文试图就国民待遇义务的限制和范围的明确性和可预测性，为辩论做出贡献在关贸总协定之下。为此，它首先提出了一种结构严密的经济方法，该方法主要借鉴了反托拉斯环境中使用的分析框架，特别是在定义相关市场和确定反竞争排除情况时，用以解释关贸总协定第三条的规定和基本概念。产品相似性和较差的税收或监管措施。提议的方法建议，如果所涉进口产品和国内产品之间存在实质性竞争关系​​，并且税收或监管措施修改了国内和进口产品之间的实质性竞争关系​​，则应将适用于国内和进口产品的内部税收或法规视为对国内生产提供了保护。进口和国产产品的竞争条件与国产产品的竞争优势平等。其次，论文从可预测性和明确性的角度出发，考察了关贸总协定/世贸组织争端解决机构，欧洲法院和美国最高法院为确定一国法院的合法性所依据的分析框架的基本前提。旨在防止保护性应用内部税收或法规的法律规范下的有争议的税收或法规。第三，分析了各种法律学者提出的替代测试，以及与之相关的规范和实践优势与问题。最后，本文还评估了本文提出的经济方法的局限性和政策含义。

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  • 作者

    Giri, Shiva Kumar.;

  • 作者单位

    University of Toronto (Canada).;

  • 授予单位 University of Toronto (Canada).;
  • 学科 Law.;Economics Commerce-Business.;Political Science International Law and Relations.
  • 学位 S.J.D.
  • 年度 2008
  • 页码 546 p.
  • 总页数 546
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 法律;国际法;贸易经济;
  • 关键词

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