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Critical Mass: Bicycling towards a more sustainable city.

机译：临界质量：骑自行车前往更具可持续性的城市。

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The movement towards more sustainable mobility practices in US cities will require changes in people's perceptions of problems as well as changes in people's behavior. As a form of alternative mobility and as a vehicle for activism, bicycling has the potential to contribute to both perceptual and material changes. This dissertation explores the relationships among bicycle activists' experiences of collective action, bicyclists' use of spatial practices in (re)constructing place and enacting alternative mobilities, and the role of regulatory and policing practices in structuring these opportunities for collective action. I explore these themes through a study of bicycle activism that focuses on Critical Mass (CM), an urban bicycle movement that began in San Francisco in 1992 and spread globally to hundreds of cities over the following decade. Featuring monthly bicycle rides in specific cities, but without official leaders or formal sponsorship, CM brings together bicyclists for the mundane purpose of a group bike ride through city streets. Through surveys, interviews of participants and representatives from the formal bicycle advocacy sector, as well as through analysis of the movement's mobilization tactics, I explore the ways in which CM has been framed and experienced to influence debates and actions concerning sustainability and people's transportation habits. I do this by evaluating CM in two cities: in San Francisco in the late 1990's and in New York City (NYC) from 1999 to 2006. The San Francisco case study examines the movement's early use of the Internet in combination with direct action to foster activist networks and broaden the scale of CM's engagement, as well as CM's contribution to changes in personal transportation behavior and to the legitimacy of formal advocacy organizations. Through the New York City case study, I show how framing and mobilization strategies evolved in response to local place characteristics, particularly in the wake of the 2004 Republican National Convention. The NYC case also illustrates how regulatory and policing practices work in tandem to suppress bicycling (both as an alternative mobility and as a form of mobile protest) and to reinforce the dominance of automobility.
机译：要在美国城市中实现更可持续的出行方式，就需要改变人们对问题的看法以及人们的行为。作为另类流动的一种形式，以及作为行动的载体，骑自行车有可能促进感知和物质变化。本文探讨了自行车活动家的集体行动经验，骑自行车的人在（重建）场所使用空间实践和制定替代性行动之间的关系，以及监管和警务实践在构建这些集体行动机会中的作用。我通过对自行车运动的研究来探讨这些主题，该运动的重点是临界质量（CM），这是一种城市自行车运动，始于1992年在旧金山，并在随后的十年中遍及全球数百个城市。 CM每月都会在特定城市骑自行车，但没有官方负责人或没有正式赞助，因此CM将自行车手召集在一起，以实现在城市街道上骑自行车的平凡目的。通过调查，对正式自行车倡导部门参与者和代表的访谈以及对运动的动员策略的分析，我探索了CM的框架和经验方式如何影响有关可持续性和人们交通习惯的辩论和行动。为此，我评估了两个城市的CM：1990年代后期的旧金山和1999年至2006年的纽约（NYC）。旧金山的案例研究考察了运动的早期使用互联网以及直接采取的行动，以促进激进主义者网络，扩大了CM的参与规模，以及CM对个人交通行为的变化以及对正规倡导组织合法性的贡献。通过纽约市的案例研究，我展示了成帧和动员策略是如何根据当地特点而演变的，尤其是在2004年共和党全国代表大会之后。纽约市的案例还说明了监管和警务实践如何协同作用，以抑制骑自行车（既作为一种替代性出行方式，又作为一种移动抗议形式），并增强了机动性的主导地位。

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