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首页> 外文学位 >Making tobacco bright: Institutions, information, and industrialization in the creation of an agricultural commodity, 1617--1937.
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Making tobacco bright: Institutions, information, and industrialization in the creation of an agricultural commodity, 1617--1937.

机译：使烟草变得光明：建立农产品的制度，信息和工业化，1617年至1937年。

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This study explores the interactions between the tobacco industry and tobacco agriculture over several centuries, and within a series of distinct institutional frameworks. It argues that modern-day U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) tobacco types---distinguished less by genetics than by growing environment, technologies of production, and market purposes---function as a form of market regulation disguised as botanic taxonomy. Over the years, what farmers did to produce the leaf and what manufacturers and consumers expected of it shaped one another, creating recognizable characteristics on which to base economic decisions, characteristics for growers to achieve and buyers to expect. The information contained within type-designations, and the methods used to achieve the qualities associated with particular varieties, eventually formed the basis of government grading, price regulation, and New Deal support for agricultural production.; In the colonial period, Virginia's inspection laws established cultivation practices that created a recognizable product. By preventing the export of some tobacco, these laws also helped establish a home industry. Manufacturers in turn required flexible, modular, responsive raw material production. Centered in Virginia, producing brand-name consumer products for national distribution well before 1840, and hidden deep within the commercial structures that served plantation production, the antebellum tobacco industry provides a new model of industrialization, an example entirely compatible with slave labor.; After the Civil War, three institutional shifts transformed the industry and solidified the borders between raw material production and industrial manufacturing. Taxation distinguished manufactured products from agricultural processes. Emancipation, especially the need to fit production into annual contracts among laborers, landlords, and suppliers of credit, changed cultivation and sales practices. The USDA attempted to help farmers meet their markets and therefore regulated the relationship between the sectors, defining types based on what was done to make them, where they were grown, and what they were for: Connecticut Shade-Grown Cuban-Seed Cigar Leaf, North Carolina Bright Flue-Cured Cigarette Tobacco. The dissertation begins in 1617, with the first leaf exported from colonial Virginia, and ends with the USDA's 1937 recognition that most tobacco types were genetically indistinguishable---from one another, and from the exports of 1617.
机译：这项研究探索了几个世纪以来，在一系列不同的制度框架内，烟草业与烟草农业之间的相互作用。它认为，现代美国农业部（USDA）的烟草类型-通过遗传而不是通过生长环境，生产技术和市场目的来区分-是一种伪装成植物学分类法的市场监管形式。多年来，农民生产烟叶的行为以及制造商和消费者对烟叶的期望相互影响，形成了公认的特征，这些特征是经济决策的基础，种植者要实现的特征和购买者的期望。类型名称中包含的信息，以及用于实现与特定品种相关的质量的方法，最终构成了政府分级，价格监管和对农业生产的新政支持的基础。在殖民时期，弗吉尼亚州的检查法确立了种植实践，创造了一种可识别的产品。通过阻止某些烟草的出口，这些法律还帮助建立了家庭工业。制造商进而需要灵活，模块化，响应迅速的原材料生产。 ;前卫烟草业以弗吉尼亚州为中心，在1840年之前生产名牌消费品，并在全国范围内销售，并隐藏在为种植业服务的商业结构的深处，它提供了一种新型的工业化模式，完全可以与奴隶劳动兼容。内战之后，三项体制转变改变了工业，巩固了原材料生产和工业制造之间的边界。税收使制成品与农业加工区别开来。解放，特别是需要使劳动者，房东和信贷提供者之间的年度合同符合生产要求，改变种植和销售方式。美国农业部试图帮助农民满足他们的市场需求，因此调节了部门之间的关系，根据制造它们的方式，种植的地点和用途来定义类型：康涅狄格州的树荫下种植的古巴种子雪茄叶，北卡罗莱纳州的明亮烟熏卷烟。论文始于1617年，第一片烟叶是从殖民地弗吉尼亚州出口的，并以美国农业部的1937年认识到，大多数烟草类型在遗传上是无法区分的-彼此之间以及从1617年的出口。

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