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Effectiveness of marine protected areas for top predators along the central West African and US west coasts.

机译：西非中部和美国西海岸顶级捕食者海洋保护区的有效性。

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摘要

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are a popular tool to manage marine resources, but determining the effectiveness of boundaries and management strategies is critical for effective conservation, particularly as MPAs are increasingly being used in ecosystem-based management and marine spatial planning processes. Similarly, satellite telemetry has been heralded as a powerful tool in marine conservation and I apply satellite telemetry to determine MPA effectiveness using two case studies.;In the first chapter, I use telemetry to determine the nesting ecology of olive ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) in Gabon, Africa. Applying a state-space model to filter and determine animal behavior (n = 18), I found that olive ridleys distributions were confined to a small area; renesting events often occurred within 10 km of the original nest, and they were most frequently found within 30 km of the original nesting site between nests. The findings of this study are in keeping with those of olive ridleys studied in other parts of the world, but represent the first comprehensive study of this species in the Eastern Atlantic. Additionally, movements of this species during the internesting period suggest that because of their limited internesting movements, relatively small marine protected areas can be effectively used to protect this species during a critical life stage.;In the second chapter, I examine how olive ridleys (n = 18) use the boundaries of Mayumba National Park (MNP) in Gabon, which was created in part to protect them during the interesting period. By applying home range analyses and a predictive habitat model, I found that the boundaries of MNP incorporate only between 55.6 and 81.4 percent of high-use areas, but that if the park was expanded to include the proposed Transboundary Park (TBP) between Gabon and the Republic of Congo, between 97.3 and 100.0 percent of high-use areas would be protected. We found that the driving factors for habitat preference during the interesting period include sea surface temperature, chlorophyll a concentrations, depth, distance to coast and distance to nesting site. This model can be applied to other nesting sites along the African coast. Overall we found that satellite telemetry was an effective tool for delineating effective boundaries and management strategies of an MPA, and we support the designation of the TBP.;In the third chapter, I shift focus to the West Coast of the US and the distribution of top predators in relation to the National Marine Sanctuaries which are among the largest MPAs in the US. By examining home ranges of individual species (blue whales (Balaenoptero musculus) (n = 51), humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) (n = 15), California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) (n = 111), Laysan albatrosses (Phoebastria immutabilis) (n = 33), black-footed albatrosses (Phoebastria nigripes) (n = 72), and sooty shearwaters ( Puffinus griseus) (n = 25) ), I determine that the Sanctuaries incorporate significant levels of high-use areas for humpback whales, blue whales and male California sea lions, but less so for female California sea lions, black-footed albatrosses and sooty shearwaters. No high-use areas for Laysan albatrosses were found within the Sanctuaries. Top predator distribution changed considerably between years and biological seasons, with animals using the Sanctuaries in greater abundance during foraging seasons, and during cooler or more 'normal' oceanographic years. During warmer oceanographic years, animals distributed further offshore, as well as further north as foraging effort likely increased during these years. The Sanctuaries did not encompass these wider ranges during anomalously warm years, indicating a need for wider boundaries if animals are to be protected from interannual and global scale oceanographic variability.;In the fourth chapter, I examine the distribution of these same top predators in relation to the entire West Coast of the US as it relates to the California Current System. Again applying home range analyses, I determined high-density and high-use multi-species areas across years and oceanographic seasons. The upwelling and Davidson seasons had the largest density of top predators and the National Marine Sanctuaries encompassed a number of high-use and high-density areas, but we also identified under-protected areas. These areas include south of Cape Blanco and Cape Mendocino, between the Monterey Bay and Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuaries and offshore of Central California. These regions are unique oceanographic regions that result in increased productivity that is persistent across years, making them prime candidates for additional protected areas or areas that should receive special consideration in the marine spatial planning process.;Overall, I was able to show that satellite telemetry can be an effective tool in determining both effectiveness of current MPA boundaries, and in helping to determine where additional protected areas should be considered. Though an expensive conservation tool compared to other types of behavioral studies, when used appropriately, it can help to significantly guide and streamline marine resource management.
机译：海洋保护区（MPA）是管理海洋资源的一种流行工具，但是确定边界和管理策略的有效性对于有效的保护至关重要，尤其是随着MPA被越来越多地用于基于生态系统的管理和海洋空间规划过程中。同样，卫星遥测技术被认为是海洋保护的有力工具，我将通过两个案例研究应用卫星遥测技术来确定MPA的有效性。在第一章中，我使用遥测技术来确定橄榄色ridley海龟（Lepidochelys olivacea）的筑巢生态。 ）在非洲加蓬。应用状态空间模型来过滤和确定动物行为（n = 18），我发现橄榄色ridleys分布被限制在一个很小的区域内。巢状事件通常发生在原始巢穴10公里以内，最常见的情况是巢穴之间原始巢穴30公里以内。这项研究的结果与在世界其他地方研究的橄榄色ridleys一致，但代表了该物种在东大西洋的首次全面研究。此外，该物种在过渡期的运动表明，由于其有限的过渡运动，相对较小的海洋保护区可以在关键生命阶段有效地用于保护该物种。;在第二章中，我研究了橄榄色ridleys（ n = 18）使用加蓬的玛奴巴国家公园（MNP）的边界，该边界的创建部分是为了在有趣的时期保护它们。通过应用家庭范围分析和预测性栖息地模型，我发现MNP的边界仅占高使用区的55.6％至81.4％，但是如果公园被扩展为包括加蓬和加蓬之间拟议的跨界公园（TBP），在刚果共和国，将保护97.3％至100.0％的高使用区。我们发现，在有趣的时期，栖息地偏爱的驱动因素包括海面温度，叶绿素a浓度，深度，到海岸的距离和到巢点的距离。该模型可以应用于非洲沿岸的其他筑巢地点。总的来说，我们发现卫星遥测是划定MPA的有效边界和管理策略的有效工具，并且我们支持TBP的指定。在第三章中，我将重点转移到美国西海岸及其分布。与美国国家海洋保护区（National Marine Sanctuaries）有关的顶级掠食者，它们是美国最大的MPA之一。通过检查单个物种的居所范围（蓝鲸（Balaenoptero musculus）（n = 51），座头鲸（Megaptera novaeangliae）（n = 15），加利福尼亚海狮（Zalophus californianus）（n = 111），Laysan albatrosses（Phoebastria immutabiabilis） ）（n = 33），黑脚信天翁（Phoebastria nigripes）（n = 72）和煤烟切水（Puffinus griseus）（n = 25）），我确定圣所中有大量的高用途区域用于座头鲸鲸，蓝鲸和雄性加利福尼亚海狮，但雌性加利福尼亚海狮，黑脚信天翁和煤烟剪切水则不然。在圣所内未发现Laysan信天翁的高使用区域。在年份和生物季节之间，顶级捕食者的分布发生了很大变化，在觅食季节以及更凉爽的或“正常”的海洋学年份中，使用圣所的动物数量更多。在海洋变暖的年代，动物在近海和北部的分布更广，在这些年中觅食的努力可能会增加。保护区在异常温暖的年份没有涵盖这些较宽的范围，这表明如果要保护动物免受年际和全球规模海洋变化的影响，就需要更大的界限。在第四章​​中，我研究了这些相同的顶级捕食者的分布涉及美国整个西海岸，因为它涉及到加州现行制度。再次应用家庭范围分析，我确定了多年和海洋季节中的高密度和高使用率的多物种区域。上升流季节和戴维森季节的顶级捕食者密度最高，国家海洋保护区包括许多高利用和高密度地区，但我们也发现了保护不足的地区。这些地区包括布兰科角（Cape Blanco）和门多西诺角（Cape Mendocino）的南部，在蒙特雷湾和海峡群岛国家海洋保护区之间以及中部加利福尼亚州的近海。这些区域是独特的海洋学区域，可提高生产力并持续数年，使它们成为其他保护区或在海洋空间规划过程中应特别考虑的区域的主要候选对象。总体而言，我能够证明卫星遥测可以作为确定当前MPA边界有效性的有效工具，并帮助确定应在何处考虑其他保护区。尽管与其他类型的行为研究相比，养护工具是一种昂贵的工具，但如果使用得当，它可以帮助显着指导和简化海洋资源管理。

著录项

  • 作者

    Maxwell, Sara M.;

  • 作者单位

    University of California, Santa Cruz.;

  • 授予单位 University of California, Santa Cruz.;
  • 学科 Agriculture Wildlife Conservation.;Physical Oceanography.;Environmental Management.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2010
  • 页码 218 p.
  • 总页数 218
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

  • 入库时间 2022-08-17 11:36:56

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