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A cluster analysis of Cross Racial Identity Scale scores and their usefulness in predicting levels of acculturation and social distance in the lives of Black college students.

机译：跨种族认同量表得分的聚类分析及其在预测黑人大学生生活中的适应程度和社交距离方面的作用。

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This study examined whether the six Cross Racial Identity Scale scores (CRIS; Vandiver et al., 2000) would be useful in predicting levels of acculturation and social distance in the lives of Black college students. Five hypotheses were used to guide the analyses: (a) differential construct validity was expected between the CRIS subscales and the African American Acculturation Scale - Revised (AAAS-R; Klonoff & Landrine, 2000); (b) differential construct validity was expected between the CRIS subscales and several cultural groups specified on a modified version of the Bogardus Social Distance Scale - Revised (BSDS-R; Bogardus, 1933); (c) four to six CRIS clusters, using cluster analysis, were expected to emerge and support the existing clusters found by Worrell et al. (2006); (d) CRIS cluster status were expected to differentially predict the level of acculturation preferred by the students; and (e) CRIS cluster status were expected to differentially predict the degree of social distance from different cultural groups. Participants were 360 college students attending a predominately White institution in the mid-Atlantic region of the U.S. who self-identified as being African American or Black (70% female; 30% male). Data for this study were collected as part of a larger project, in which only four of the eight measures were used: demographic questionnaire, CRIS, AAAS-R, and BSDS-R. For hypotheses one and two, the findings from the bivariate correlational analyses were consistent with and provided further support for the expanded nigrescence theory (Cross & Vandiver, 2001) and the construct validity of the CRIS. A negative correlation was found between Pre-Encounter Assimilation and the AAAS-R total score; a positive correlation was found between Internalization Afrocentricity and the AAAS-R total score; and a negative correlation was found between Immersion-Emersion Anti-White and BSDS-R Whites subscale. Results of the cluster analysis supported hypothesis three in that six to seven clusters were identified: Assimilated, Self-Hating, Multiculturalist, Immersion, Afrocentric, Immersion - Intense Black Involvement, and Low Race Salience. Additionally, preliminary evidence was found for the existence of two new racial identity cluster patterns: Self-Hating and Immersion - Intense Black Involvement. Using the six-cluster solution, findings from a one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD post hoc analysis provided preliminary support for CRIS cluster membership in predicting levels of acculturation. On average, individuals who were classified in the Assimilated cluster were likely to rate themselves as more acculturated than those who had been placed in the Afrocentric cluster or Immersion cluster. Those who were classified in the Self-Hating cluster on average were likely to rate themselves as more acculturated than those who had been placed in the Afrocentric cluster. Finally, findings from a MANOVA with a follow-up descriptive discriminant analysis provided preliminary support for hypothesis five that the CRIS clusters could be used to predict the degree of social distance from different cultural groups. The MANOVA was statistically significant for cluster status. Only the first discriminant variate was statistically and practically significant and therefore interpreted. Social distance with Whites had the highest correlation to the variate, followed by social distance with Jews and Asians. In contrast, Other Blacks had a negative correlation to the function. Thus, the function was named dominant culture group preference. On average, individuals in the Self-Hating and Assimilated clusters rated themselves higher on the discriminant function, whereas individuals in the Immersion - Intense Black Involvement, Afrocentric, and Immersion clusters rated themselves lower, and the Multiculturalist cluster fell in the middle. In conclusion, the findings from this study may be potentially informative for clinicians and researchers by providing a contextual understanding for how sociocultural variables such as acculturation and social distance intersect with and are influenced by racial identity. The complexities of racial identity are important for clinicians and researchers to consider in order to more effectively develop interventions tailored to the needs of individuals with different racial identity attitudes.

机译：这项研究检查了六个交叉种族认同量表分数（CRIS； Vandiver等，2000）是否有助于预测黑人大学生生活中的适应程度和社交距离。五个假设被用来指导分析：（a）预期CRIS子量表和非裔美国人适应量表之间存在差异的构造效度-修订（AAAS-R; Klonoff＆Landrine，2000）; （b）预期CRIS子量表与Bogardus社会距离量表修订版（BSDS-R; Bogardus，1933）中指定的几个文化群体之间的差异性结构效度; （c）使用聚类分析，预计会出现四到六个CRIS聚类，并支持Worrell等人发现的现有聚类。（2006）；（d）预期CRIS群集状态可以有差异地预测学生所喜欢的适应程度; （e）预期CRIS集群状态可以有差异地预测来自不同文化群体的社会距离程度。参加调查的360名大学生在美国中大西洋地区一个以白人为主的机构中就读，他们自称是非裔美国人或黑人（女性占70％；男性占30％）。这项研究的数据是作为一个较大项目的一部分而收集的，该项目仅使用了八项指标中的四项：人口统计学问卷，CRIS，AAAS-R和BSDS-R。对于假设一和假设二，二元相关分析的结果与扩展的黑度理论（Cross＆Vandiver，2001）和CRIS的构造效度一致，并提供了进一步的支持。遭遇前同化与AAAS-R总分之间呈负相关；发现内化性非洲中心性与AAAS-R总分呈正相关；浸入式消沉防白剂与BSDS-R白人分量表之间呈负相关。聚类分析的结果支持假设3，因为已识别出6到7个聚类：同化，自我憎恨，多元文化主义者，沉浸，非洲中心，沉浸-强烈的黑人参与和低种族显着性。此外，初步证据表明存在两种新的种族认同集群模式：自我憎恨和沉浸-强烈的黑人参与。使用六集群解决方案，单向方差分析和Tukey HSD事后分析的结果为CRIS集群成员资格的预测水平提供了初步支持。平均而言，归类于“同化”集群中的个体比那些被置于“以非洲为中心”集群或“沉浸”集群中的个体更容易适应自己。平均而言，被归类为“自我憎恨”群体的人比那些被置于“以非洲为中心”群体的人更容易适应自己。最后，来自MANOVA的研究结果以及后续的描述性判别分析为假设5提供了初步支持，该假设5 CRIS聚类可用于预测不同文化群体之间的社会距离。 MANOVA对于聚类状态具有统计学意义。只有第一个判别变量在统计上和实践上都是有意义的，因此可以进行解释。与白人的社交距离与变量之间的相关性最高，其次是与犹太人和亚洲人的社交距离。相比之下，其他黑人与该功能具有负相关性。因此，该功能被称为优势文化群体偏好。平均而言，自恨和同化群体中的个体在判别功能上的评价较高，而沉浸式-强烈黑人参与，非洲中心主义和沉浸型群体的个体评价较低，而多元文化主义者的群体则处于中等水平。总而言之，这项研究的结果可能通过提供关于文化文化变量（如文化适应和社会距离）如何与种族认同相交和受其影响的背景知识，为临床医生和研究人员提供潜在的信息。种族认同的复杂性对于临床医生和研究人员必须考虑，以便更有效地开发针对具有不同种族认同态度的个人需求量身定制的干预措施。

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作者
Korell, Shanon.;
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The Pennsylvania State University.;

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授予单位 The Pennsylvania State University.;
学科 Black Studies.;Education Guidance and Counseling.
学位 Ph.D.
年度 2007
页码 155 p.
总页数 155
原文格式 PDF
正文语种 eng
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1. Intragroup Heterogeneity and Blackness: Effects of Racial Classification, Immigrant Origins, Social Class, and Social Context on the Racial Identity of Elite College Students [J] . Camille Z. Charles, Rory A. Kramer, Kimberly C. Torres, Race and Social Problems . 2015,第4期

机译：组内异质性和黑度：种族分类，移民出身，社会阶层和社会背景对优秀大学生种族认同的影响
2. Cross-Racial Friendships and Social Distance Between Racial Groups on a College Campus [J] . Patricia Odell PhD, Kathleen Korgen Ph.D., Gabe Wang Ph.D. Innovative Higher Education . 2005,第4期

机译：大学校园中的跨种族友谊和种族群体之间的社会距离
3. An Analysis of Cross Racial Identity Scale Scores Using Classical Test Theory and Rasch Item Response Models [J] . Sussman Joshua, Beaujean A. Alexander, Worrell Frank C., Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development: The Official Publication of the Association for Assessment in Counseling and Education, a Division of the American Counseling Association . 2013,第2期

机译：古典测试理论和Rasch项目响应模型的跨种族身份尺度分数分析
4. EFFECTIVE DISTANCE LEARNING METHODS AS A CURRICULUM DELIVERY TOOL IN DIVERSE UNIVERSITY ENVIRONMENTS: THE CASE OF TRADITIONAL VS. HISTORICALLY BLACK COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES [C] . Manny C. Aniebonam . 2001

机译：有效距离学习方法作为多样化大学环境中的课程交付工具：以传统VS案例为例。历史悠久的高等院校
5. Is There a Black Academic Identity?: Exploring Intersections of Racial Identity and Academic Identity in Black College Students. [D] . Anderson, Alicia S. 2012

机译：有没有黑人的学术身份？：探索黑人大学生的种族身份和学术身份的交叉点。
6. Decision-making is the process of analyzing information about a problem situation and comparing it to a specific conclusion in order to solve a specific problematic (Yıkılmaz, 2001; Miller and Byrnes, 2001). Decision-making styles are a mechanism that is influenced by the internal and external conditions that determine the direction of the decisions of the individual, the content of the decision-making process, and the outcome of the decision-making process (Payne, Bettman and Johson, 1993; Bavol’ár and Orosová, 2015). ACT is a contemporary member of the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy family. ACT (Acceptance and commitment therapy) has both similar and different directions with Behavioral Therapies and Cognitive Therapies (Herbet and Forman, 2011; Hayes, 2004). KKT responds to classical behavioral treatments using both existential and cognitive approaches in the analysis of behavior. KKT is a science wing that tries to solve human problems with a wider perspective aimed at solving problematic human behaviors (Plumb, Stewart, Dahl and Lundgren, 2009). It is seen that there is very little research about the new approach of ACT approach when the aiming country of our country is screened and it is thought that our country will contribute to the field of psychological counseling with the work done. In the scope of the research, experimental and control groups and preliminary test, post-test and follow-up measurements of 2x3 experimental design were used. The study's study group consists of a total of 24 (12 experimental and 12 control groups) university students studying in different departments and levels, continuing their education in the academic year of 2015-2016 in Ağrı province and İbrahim Chechen University in 2015-2016 academic year. The average age of participants in the experiment and control group is 20. There were 12 participants in the experimental group, 7 female and 5 male, and 12 participants, 7 female and 5 male in the control group. Personal Information Form and Decision Making Style Scale prepared by the researcher were used in the research. In order to decide on the tests to be used in the course of analyzing the data, the scores of the participant's Decision Styles Scale pre-test, which are placed primarily in the experimental and control groups, it was analyzed whether the basic expectations of parametric tests were answered. As a result of the analysis made, the scores, skewness and kurtosis coefficients obtained from the Decision Making Styles Scale were given to the experimental and control groups. It was determined that the distribution was normal in the result of Shapiro-Wilk test, in which the skewness and kurtosis coefficients of each sub-scale were ranked between -1 and +1. Participants in the experimental and control groups; homogeneity test results for decision-style pre-test measurements indicate that the data are homogeneous. According to the results of the Mauchly Globalness Test, it has been determined that working supports the hypothesis. It was determined that there was no significant difference between the pre-test scores obtained from dependent decision-making style of experiment and control groups, but the test group showed lower mean scores at the significant level within the scores of post-test and follow-up tests. Therefore, it can be said that the ACT-oriented psychoeducation program applied to the experimental group reduces the dependent decision-making style scores from the decision style sub-dimensions and the psychoeducation program has a lasting effect. It was determined that there was no significant difference between pre-test, post-test and follow-up scores obtained from the Spontaneous-Instant Decision Style of experiment and control groups. Thus, it can be said that this situation does not cause a significant difference in the Spontaneous-Decision-Making Style scores from the decision style sub-dimensions of the ACT-oriented psychoeducation program applied to the experimental group. The ACT -oriented psychoeducation program had a decline in the intuitive decision-making styles of the individuals, but this decrease did not create significant differences. Thus, it can be said that this situation does not make a meaningful difference in the intuitive decision style scores from the decision style sub-dimensions of the KKT oriented psychoeducation program applied to the experimental group. The pre-test scores obtained from the rational decision-making style of the experimental and control groups showed that there was a difference between the post-test and the follow-up scores, but this difference was not significant. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that the test group had higher levels of rational decision style than the pre - test scores in the post test and follow - up scores, whereas the post test and follow - up test scores in the control group rational decision style showed a decrease compared to the pre - test scores. the pre - test scores. Decision-making Styles Scale Avoidant Decision Making As a result of the analysis of the mean scores of the subscale scores of pre-test, post-test and follow-up measures, the group effect was found to be insignificant. It was determined that the experimental and control groups differed significantly from the pre-test scores obtained from the avoidant decision-making style but did not show any significant change within the scores of the post-test and follow-up tests. [O] . mustafa ercengiz, ali haydar şar 2018

机译：决策是分析有关问题情况的信息并将其与特定结论进行比较的过程，以解决特定的问题（Yıkılmaz，2001; Miller和Byrnes，2001）。决策风格是一种机制，受到内部和外部条件的影响，确定个人决定的方向，决策过程的内容以及决策过程的结果（PAYNE，BETTMAN和BEDNE） Johson，1993;Bavol'ár和奥萨洛瓦，2015）。法案是认知行为治疗家庭的当代成员。行为（验收和承诺治疗）具有与行为疗法和认知疗法的类似和不同方向（Herbet和Forman，2011; Hayes，2004）。 KKT在分析行为中使用存在性和认知方法来响应古典行为治疗方法。 KKT是一个科学翼，试图解决人类问题，旨在解决有问题的人类行为（铅垂，斯图尔特，Dahl和Lundgren，2009）。有人认为，当我们国家的瞄准国家进行筛选时，有关行动方法的新方法几乎没有研究，并且认为我们的国家将为完成工作做出贡献的心理咨询领域。在研究的范围内，使用实验和对照组和初步测试，使用后测试和后续测量的2x3实验设计。该研究的研究小组包括共24名（12个实验和12个对照组）大学学生在不同的部门和水平上学习，在2015-2016学术上继续进行2015-2016的学术年度2015-2016学年年。实验和对照组参与者的平均年龄是20.实验组中有12名参与者，7名女性和5名男性，12名参与者，7名女性和5名男性。研究人员准备的个人信息表格和决策制定风格规模在研究中使用。为了决定在分析数据的过程中使用的测试，参与者的决策风格刻度预测的分数主要在实验和对照组中进行，分析了参数的基本期望吗？测试得到了回答。由于对实验和对照组给出了从决策曲调标度获得的分数，偏移和峰度分子系数。确定该分布是正常的在成熟的-WILK试验结果中，其中每亚级的偏差和刚度系数在-1到+1之间排名。实验和对照组的参与者;决策式预测测量的同质性测试结果表明数据是均匀的。根据毛毛环保试验的结果，已确定工作支持假设。据确定，从依赖决策风格的实验和对照组获得的预测分数之间没有显着差异，但测试组在测试后的分数内显示出较低的平均分数和后续的分数 - 测试。因此，可以说，应用于实验组的面向活动的心理教育程序减少了决策风格子维度的依赖决策风格分数，并且心理教育程序具有持久的效果。据确定，从实验和对照组自发决策风格获得的预测试，测试后和后续评分之间没有显着差异。因此，可以说这种情况不会导致从应用于实验组的活动导向的心理教育程序的决策风格分数的自发决策风格分数显着差异。行为的心理教育计划在个人直观的决策风格下降，但这种减少并没有产生显着的差异。因此，可以说，这种情况不会在从应用于实验组的KKT导向的心理教育程序的决策风格分数中产生有意义的决策风格分数。从实验和对照组的理性决策风格获得的预测分数显示后检验后和随访评分之间存在差异，但这种差异并不重要。由于分析，确定测试组的理性决策风格较高，而不是后测试和后续分数的预测分数，而对照组合理决策风格的后测试和后续测试分数显示出与预测试分数相比的减少。预测分数。决策款式扩展避免决策由于分析了预测试，测试后和后续措施的班次评分的平均分数，发现群体效应是微不足道的。确定实验和对照组从避免决策风格获得的预测评分中显着不同，但在测试后和后续测试的分数内没有显示出任何重大变化。

A cluster analysis of Cross Racial Identity Scale scores and their usefulness in predicting levels of acculturation and social distance in the lives of Black college students.

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