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Human impacts on Caribbean coral reef ecosystems.

机译：人类对加勒比珊瑚礁生态系统的影响。

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Fishing is one of the oldest anthropogenic disturbances in the ocean, differing from other impacts in its direct removal of biomass from the ecosystem. Despite the centuries of fishing activities, there is much we still do not understand regarding the effects of fish removal on the benthic community. I use an interdisciplinary approach to investigate the affect of human disturbance, primarily the alteration of fish communities, on major functional groups of coral reefs, over extended temporal and spatial scales. In Chapter 2 , historical analyses reveal that relatively small human populations and simple fishing technologies can negatively impact reef fish communities. Significant declines are evident in Pre Columbian times and by the mid 19 th C. Declines were exacerbated by simple innovations of gear, such as chicken wire, and government subsidies, which expanded degradation to offshore and deeper reefs. In Chapter 3, I identify six major ecological guilds of common Caribbean coral species and show that changes in the abundance of these guilds from the Pleistocene to the present day can be understood in terms of recent human disturbance events. Formerly advantageous life history strategies no longer apply. Instead, guilds with the ability to withstand physical disturbance from storms, sedimentation, and pollution remain present on reefs, while strategies for high recruitment and rapid space colonization increase the relative abundance of another guild. Overall, no guild successfully competes with macroalgae for space and all corals have declined. In Chapter 4, I show that benthic and fish communities across the northwestern Caribbean are largely homogenized as a result of human disturbance. The exception is fish communities in large, no-take marine reserves, which resemble relatively healthy communities of low-impacted reefs in the Pacific. A negative correlation between fish and algal biomass indicate that reserves may facilitate coral recovery, although corals have not yet increased. Chapter 5 describes a novel method for calculating the wet and dry animal tissue mass per unit area of corals. Chapter 6 integrates these findings and demonstrates the importance of increased temporal, spatial, and ecosystem scale in effective research and management of degraded Caribbean coral reefs.
机译：捕捞是海洋中最古老的人为干扰之一，不同于直接从生态系统中清除生物量的其他影响。尽管进行了数个世纪的捕鱼活动，但关于去除鱼类对底栖动物群落的影响，我们仍然不了解很多。我使用跨学科的方法来研究人为干扰（主要是鱼类群落的变化）在扩展的时空尺度上对主要珊瑚礁功能组的影响。在第二章中，历史分析表明，相对较少的人口和简单的捕鱼技术会对珊瑚礁鱼类群落产生负面影响。在前哥伦比亚时期和19世纪中叶之前，下降明显。在简单的渔具创新方面，例如鱼线和政府补贴，加剧了下降，加剧了退化，扩大到近海和更深的珊瑚礁。在第三章中，我确定了六个常见的加勒比珊瑚主要生态协会，并表明从最近的人类更新事件可以理解这些协会从更新世到今天的丰度变化。以前有利的生活史策略不再适用。取而代之的是，能够抵御风暴，泥沙和污染造成的物理干扰的行会仍然存在于礁石上，而高招募和快速的空间殖民化战略则增加了另一行会的相对数量。总体而言，没有公会成功地与大型藻类竞争太空，所有珊瑚均已下降。在第四章中，我表明，由于人为干扰，整个西北加勒比海的底栖生物和鱼类群落在很大程度上是同质的。唯一的例外是大型的，不准捕捞的海洋保护区中的鱼类群落，类似于太平洋上相对健康的低影响礁石群落。鱼与藻类生物量之间的负相关关系表明，尽管珊瑚尚未增加，但其储备可能有助于珊瑚的恢复。第5章介绍了一种计算珊瑚每单位面积干湿动物组织质量的新颖方法。第6章综合了这些发现，并说明了在有效研究和管理退化的加勒比珊瑚礁中增加时空，空间和生态系统规模的重要性。

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