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Extensive green roofs in Colorado: Plant species performance, growing media modifications, and species response to growing media dry down.

机译：科罗拉多州广阔的绿色屋顶：植物种类的表现，生长培养基的改良以及植物对干燥培养基的反应。

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摘要

Green roofs provide many benefits and are often used to help alleviate the negative effects of urbanization. In order to provide these benefits, green roofs should remain alive and viable. Therefore, a series of studies were performed to elucidate some performance characteristics of extensive (shallow) green roofs.;Plant area covered was examined for six plant species on an existing modular extensive green roof in semi-arid Colorado. Species evaluated were Antennaria parvifolia Nutt., Bouteloua gracilis (Kunth) Lag., Delosperma cooperi (Hook. f.) L. Bol., Eriogonum umbellatum Torr. aureum 'Psdowns', Opuntia fragilis Nutt. and Sedum lanceolatum Torr. Most reported methods for measuring plant area covered (plant cover) are subjective and not based on quantitative measurements. This study compared digital image analysis data (DIA) to manually collected converted two-dimensional data (C2D) for plants grown on an extensive green roof. For each plant in the study, digital images and manual two-dimensional measurements were taken on four dates (at six week intervals) in 2008 and on four dates (at six week intervals) in 2009. Using SigmaScan Pro 5.0 image analysis software, DIA was performed on these images. Additionally, comparisons between DIA data and final biomass, and C2D and final biomass, were performed. Plant cover increased for all six species during the 2008 growing season. However, E. umbellatum aureum 'Psdowns' had a low overwintering rate (12.5%) and was removed from analysis in 2009. In the spring of 2009, four of the five remaining species exhibited decreased plant cover due to winter dieback; the one exception was O. fragilis. In terms of plant cover, both quantification methods (C2D and DIA) revealed that B. gracilis and D. cooperi out performed A. parvifolia, O. fragilis and S. lanceolatum. Thus, five of the six species evaluated in this study are appropriate for use in extensive green roof applications. High levels of correlation were found between the DIA and C2D data sets ( r = 0.77) averaged over the five species on all eight data collection dates. The groundcover species (A. parvifolia, D. cooperi and S. lanceolatum) had a higher correlation on average (r = 0.83) than the upright (B. gracilis , r = 0.70) and decumbent (O. fragilis, r = 0.65) species. Additionally, DIA and final biomass correlations showed parallel trends with groundcovers averaging r = 0.83, upright r = 0.64 and decumbent r = 0.41. Therefore, using DIA to evaluate plant cover and biomass accumulation is especially appropriate for groundcover species.;Success of an extensive green roof is primarily dependent on plant species ability to survive the low moisture content of the growing media. Due to the well-drained nature of the growing media, plants adaptable to dry, porous soils are primarily used in extensive green roof applications. Although Sedum species have dominated the plant palette for extensive green roofs, there is growing interest in expanding the plant list for extensive green roof systems. In order to effectively select suitable plants, species need to be evaluated in terms of their response to gradual and prolonged dry down of the growing media. A study to determine the relative rates of dry down for fifteen species was conducted in greenhouse and outdoor trials. During dry downs that extended over five months, succulent and herbaceous species dried down at different rates. Although, not all succulent or herbaceous plants had consistent moisture contents during the initial 18 days of dry down. Despite differences in dry down, the succulent species, as a group, maintained viable foliage for over five times longer than the herbaceous species. The revival rates of the succulent species were nearly double those of the herbaceous species. Therefore, not only are succulent species more likely to be longer-lived during periods of drought, but these species are more likely to resume growth soon after water is made available. Based on these results, irrigation frequency is recommended for succulent species at a maximum of 28 day intervals and herbaceous species at maximum of 14 day intervals. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
机译：绿化屋顶提供了许多好处，通常用于减轻城市化的负面影响。为了提供这些好处，绿色屋顶应保持活力和活力。因此，进行了一系列研究以阐明大面积（浅）绿色屋顶的一些性能特征。在半干旱的科罗拉多州，对现有的模块化大面积绿色屋顶上的六种植物进行了植物覆盖面积的检查。评估的物种是细叶天南星（Antennaria parvifolia Nutt。），轻度Bouteloua gracilis（Kunth），合作社Delosperma cooperi（Hook。f。）L. Bol。，Eriogonum umbellatum Torr。金黄色的'Psdowns'，脆弱的仙人掌Nutt。和景天草。大多数报告的测量植物覆盖面积（植物覆盖面积）的方法都是主观的，而不是基于定量测量。这项研究将数字图像分析数据（DIA）与手动收集的转换后的二维数据（C2D）进行了比较，该数据用于在宽阔的绿色屋顶上生长的植物。对于研究中的每个植物，在2008年的四个日期（以六周的间隔）和2009年的四个日期（以六周的间隔）进行数字图像和手动二维测量。使用SigmaScan Pro 5.0图像分析软件，DIA是在这些图像上执行的。此外，进行了DIA数据与最终生物量，C2D与最终生物量之间的比较。在2008年的生长季节中，所有六个物种的植物覆盖率均有所提高。然而，金黄色葡萄球菌“ Psdowns”的越冬率低（12.5％），2009年被从分析中删除。2009年春季，由于冬季死亡，其余五个物种中有四个物种的植物覆盖率降低；一个例外是脆弱的O. fragilis。就植物覆盖率而言，两种定量方法（C2D和DIA）均显示，细叶芽孢杆菌和D. cooperi表现出了细叶农杆菌，脆弱拟杆菌和轮叶葡萄球菌。因此，在这项研究中评估的六个物种中有五个适合在广泛的绿色屋顶应用中使用。在所有八个数据收集日中，五个物种的DIA和C2D数据集之间的平均相关性较高（r = 0.77）。地被植物物种（A. parvifolia，D。cooperi和S. lanceolatum）的平均相关性（r = 0.83）高于直立物种（B. gracilis，r = 0.70）和卧姿（O. fragilis，r = 0.65）。种类。此外，DIA和最终生物量的相关性显示出平行趋势，地表平均为r = 0.83，直立r = 0.64和横卧r = 0.41。因此，使用DIA来评估植物的覆盖率和生物量的积累特别适合于地被植物物种。大面积绿化屋顶的成功主要取决于植物物种在低湿度的生长介质中生存的能力。由于生长介质排水良好，适合干燥多孔土壤的植物主要用于广泛的屋顶绿化应用。尽管景天树种在宽阔的绿色屋顶的植物调色板中占主导地位，但人们对扩大宽阔的绿色屋顶系统的植物种类的兴趣日益浓厚。为了有效地选择合适的植物，需要根据物种对生长介质逐渐和长期干燥的反应来评估物种。在温室和室外试验中进行了一项研究，以确定15种树种的相对干燥率。在持续五个月的干旱期间，多肉植物和草本植物以不同的速率干燥。尽管并不是所有的肉质或草本植物在干燥的最初18天中都具有一致的水分含量。尽管干down程度有所不同，但多肉植物作为一组仍能维持生存的叶子，其寿命是草本植物的五倍以上。多肉植物的复兴率几乎是草本植物的两倍。因此，不仅多肉植物在干旱期间寿命更长，而且这些树种在供水后不久就可能恢复生长。根据这些结果，建议对多肉植物的灌溉频率最高为28天，对于草质植物的灌溉频率最高为14天。 （摘要由UMI缩短。）

著录项

  • 作者

    Bousselot, Jennifer McGuire.;

  • 作者单位

    Colorado State University.;

  • 授予单位 Colorado State University.;
  • 学科 Agriculture Horticulture.;Sustainability.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2010
  • 页码 85 p.
  • 总页数 85
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类
  • 关键词

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