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Exclusive Sharing of Genetic Materials in U.S. Agricultural Research: Antecedents and Consequences.

机译：美国农业研究中遗传材料的独家共享：前因和后果。

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摘要

Genetic materials containing functional units of heredity became vital for scientific knowledge production as well as industrial innovation in modern science (Stern 2004; ten Kate 2002). Given the significance of genetic materials in science, various policy measures have been devised to promote sharing of genetic materials and research tools among scientists; they include funding agency policy (e.g., National Institutes of Health) that requires funding awardees to make data and research materials available to peers (Marshall 1998, 1999; NIH 1999), and more collective efforts to establish open databases or gene banks in order to collect, store, and distribute genetic materials as well as associated information for a broader range of stakeholders (Atkinson et al. 2003; Stern 2004). In agriculture and food research, advanced science based on open access to genetic materials and information has been advocated not only for benefit of the scientific community but also for ultimate societal benefits, such as agricultural productivity, food safety and public health (Atkinson et al. 2003; Glenna et al. 2007; Lei, Juneja, and Wright 2009).;Acknowledging the need to develop a comprehensive view, this research aims to investigate socio-ecological factors shaping scientists' access to genetic materials. As a way to understand accessibility of genetic materials in science, this research examines exclusive sharing of genetic materials among scientists. Exclusive sharing is defined as a specific situation in which agricultural scientists provide genetic materials to a selected person but do not allow the materials to be shared with a third party.;This dissertation employs quantitative methods to understand the antecedents and consequences of researchers' exclusive material-sharing. Structural equation models and probit regression models are used to examine the process through which researchers decide not to transfer the obtained genetic materials to a third party and generate a particular research outcome.;Theoretically, this dissertation makes several contributions to the study of material-sharing and research management by developing a concept of exclusive sharing and a comprehensive socio-ecological framework explaining exclusive sharing. Attention on exclusive sharing would be particularly useful in order to uncover the specific contexts in which individual scientists engage in material-withholding as well as material-sharing and develop confidential collaboration arrangements. This study of exclusive sharing advances our understanding of the micro-level process by which individuals are included and excluded, delineate boundaries of sharing, and distinguish in-groups from out-groups. It also sheds light on the critical moment at which access to genetic materials begins to be blocked from a third-party. This helps understand the specific contexts that promote a transition in the status of genetic materials, from public or common goods available to the public, to private or club goods available only to selected entities.;This dissertation is organized in six chapters. Chapter one is an overview of this dissertation. It introduces the background that motivates this research of exclusive sharing, and specifies its scope, objectives, and key research questions. It then explains the research designs employed to answer the key research questions, and elaborates the significance of this study. The outline of this dissertation is also presented in the end of Chapter one. (Abstract shortened by UMI.).
机译：包含遗传功能单元的遗传物质对于科学知识的生产以及现代科学中的工业创新都至关重要（Stern 2004； Tate Kate 2002）。鉴于遗传材料在科学中的重要性，已制定了各种政策措施以促进科学家之间遗传材料和研究工具的共享；它们包括资助机构的政策（例如，美国国立卫生研究院），该政策要求受资助者向同龄人提供数据和研究材料（Marshall 1998，1999; NIH 1999），以及为建立开放数据库或基因库而进行的更多集体努力。为更广泛的利益相关者收集，存储和分发遗传材料以及相关信息（Atkinson等，2003； Stern，2004）。在农业和食品研究中，提倡基于开放获取遗传材料和信息的先进科学，不仅是为了科学界的利益，也是为了最终的社会利益，例如农业生产力，食品安全和公共卫生（Atkinson等人。 2003年； Glenna等人2007年； Lei，Junja和Wright 2009年）；认识到有必要发展全面的观点，这项研究旨在研究影响科学家获取遗传物质的社会生态因素。作为理解科学中遗传材料可及性的一种方式，本研究研究了科学家之间遗传材料的专有共享。排他性共享被定义为一种特殊情况，在这种情况下，农业科学家向选定的人提供遗传材料但不允许与第三方共享。；本论文采用定量方法来了解研究人员排他性材料的前因和后果共享。使用结构方程模型和概率回归模型检验研究人员决定不将获得的遗传材料转移给第三方并产生特定研究结果的过程。；从理论上讲，本论文为材料共享研究做出了一些贡献通过开发专有共享的概念和解释专有共享的综合社会生态框架，进行研究和管理。为了发现个别科学家从事物质扣留和物质共享并制定保密合作安排的特定环境，关注专有共享将特别有用。这项关于独家共享的研究提高了我们对个体被包含和排除的微观过程的理解，描绘了共享的边界，并区分了群体内和群体外。它也揭示了关键时刻，从第三方开始禁止获取遗传材料。这有助于理解促进遗传材料状态从公共可用的公共物品或普通公共物品过渡到仅对选定实体可用的私人物品或俱乐部物品的特定背景。本论文分为六章。第一章为论文概述。它介绍了激励进行独家共享研究的背景，并指定了其范围，目标和关键研究问题。然后，它解释了用于回答关键研究问题的研究设计，并阐述了这项研究的意义。第一章的末尾还提出了本文的概述。 （摘要由UMI缩短。）。

著录项

  • 作者

    Shin, Eunjung.;

  • 作者单位

    University of Illinois at Chicago.;

  • 授予单位 University of Illinois at Chicago.;
  • 学科 Public policy.;Public administration.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2013
  • 页码 192 p.
  • 总页数 192
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 遥感技术;
  • 关键词

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